Engineering classification of argillite rocks with emphasis on laboratory tests in Makran structural field

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Argillite rocks are among the weak rocks that cause damage in the engineering project implementation due to stone swellability, high slake, and low strength and durability. South Makran structural zone is located in the southeastern part of Iran between the two thrust faults of Makran and Qasr-Ghand. Most of the sediments are Quartz fragments (silt size) with carbonate cement containing sub-minerals of calcite and fossil fragments, indicating a shallow and low-energy marine environment of the Neogene age. Based on the main faults south Makran is divided into four sub-areas, Makran, Zirdan, Chahan and Getivan. Field harvesting was used in each of the sub-areas for stone engineering classification and
sampling for laboratory tests to determine the physical, mechanical and dynamic characteristics of the rock. According to rock engineering classification, most sediments are in weak and very weak classification. Petrology studies, determination of physical characteristics, durability test, point load strength and ultrasonic test were carried out. The results of the tests show that the sediments located in coastal Makran have more porosity and less cement due to the youngness of the sedimentation basin, and they have less strength characteristics in terms of durability. The results of the second stage cycle durability test show that porosity changes have the highest correlation with compressional wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, calcium carbonate percentage and SiO2 percentage, and with the porosity increasing the efflorescence durability amount decreases (R2=0.82). The durability of the second stage (Id2) has a relationship between porosity percentage (n %) and compressive wave velocity (Vp) with a correlation value of (R2=0.91) and calcium carbonate percentage (%CaCO3) and compressive wave velocity (vp) with a value correlation of(R2=0.83). In order to determine the effective factors on the durability of argillite rocks, the experimental model of path analysis was used to determine the influencing coefficients, where porosity has a direct effect, and calcium carbonate percentage, dry
density, and compressive wave velocity have an indirect effect

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [Persian]

-

References

Alijani, B., 1987. Relation between Middle East Cyclonic Tracks and Upper-Level Flow Pattern.Geography Research Quarterly, 6: 24-48.
Anon, O. H., 1979. Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping. Part 1: rock and soil materials. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol, 19(1): 364-437.
ASTM D4644-87, 1996. ASTM standard test method for slake durability of shales and similar weak rocks. American Standard for Testing Materials.
Aghanabati, A., Madavi, M.A., Sahandi, M.r., Samadian, M.R., 1996. Geological map of Nikshahr, Scal 1:250000, Geological survey of iran.
Azarafza, M., Ghazifard, A., Akgün, H., Asghari-Kaljahi, E, 2019. Geotechnical characteristics and empirical geo-engineering relations of the South Pars Zone marls, Iran, Geomechanics and Engineering, An International Journal, Techno press, 19(5): 393-405.
Amiri, M., Lashkaripour, G. R., Hafezi Moghaddas, N., Ghobadi, M. H., 2023. The relationship between petrographical, physical, and mechanical properties in Ilam formation limestone. New Findings in Applied Geology, 17(34): 223-241.
Ahmad, M., Ansari, M. K., Sharma, L. K., Singh, R., and Singh, T. N., 2017. Correlation between strength and durability indices of rocks-soft computing approach: Procedia engineering, 191: pp.458-466.
Bieniawski, Z. T., 1973. Engineering classification of jointed rock masses: Civil Engineering: Siviele Ingenieurswese, 1973(12): 335-343.
Bieniawski, Z. T., 1989. Engineering Rock Mass Classifications: Wiley, New York, pp. 251.
Barton, N., 1987. Rock mass classification and tunnel reinforcement selection using the Q-system. In Rock classification systems for engineering purposes: ASTM International, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Burg, J.-P., Dolati, A., Bernoulli, D., Smit, J., 2013. Structural style of the Makran Tertiary accretionary complex in SE-Iran. In: Al Hosani, K., Roure, F., Ellison, R., Lokier, S. (Eds.), Lithosphere
Dynamics and Sedimentary Basins: The Arabian Plate and Analogues. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg,pp. 239-259.
Dolati, Asghar., 2010. Stratigraphy, structural geology and low-temperature thermochronology across the Makran accretionary wedge in Iran: Doctoral dissertation., ETH, Zurich.
Eshraghi, S.A., Kholghi, M.H., Abdollahi, M.R., Sohaili, M., Samadian, M.R., 1996. Geological map of Peersohrab, Scal 1:100000, Geological survey of Iran.
Edelbro, C., 2004. Evalution of rock mass strength., Lulea University of technology. Ellouz-Zimmermann, N., Lallemant, S. J., Castilla, R., Mouchot, N., Leturmy, P., Battani, A., Tabreez,
A., 2007. Offshore frontal part of the Makran accretionary prism: the Chamak survey (Pakistan). In Thrust belts and foreland basins: From fold kinematics to hydrocarbon systems (pp. 351-366). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Franklin, J. A., Chandra, A., 1972. The slake-durability test: Int. J. Rock Mech, Mining Sci, 9,325-341.
Gamble, J.C., 1971. Durability plasticity classification of shale and other argillaceous rocks. Ph.D. Thesis University of Illinots
Grando, G., McClay, K., 2007. Morphotectonics domains and structural styles in the Makran accretionary prism, offshore Iran. Sedimentary geology, 196(1-4): 157-179.
Ghobadi, M. H., Amiri, M., Aliani, F., 2020a. The study of relationship weathering, mineralogical and texture of peridotite rocks with engineering geological properties (Case study: peridotite Harsin city, Kermanshah province). New Findings in Applied Geology, 14(27): 43-54.
Ghobadi, M. H., Amiri, M., Aliani, F. 2020b. The study of engineering geological properties of peridotites in Harsin, Kermanshah province (A case study). Journal of Engineering Geology, 14 (1): 105-132.
Ghobadi, M., Amiri, M., Rasouli Farah, M., 2021. The study of geotechnical properties of Qom formation sandstones and their using as borrow material (case study: Latgah village, northern Hamedan). New Findings in Applied Geology, 15(29): 55-70.
Ghiasi, V., Husaini, O.H., Rostami, J., Zainuddin, B., Ghiasi, S., Huat, B.K., Ratnasamy, M., 2011. Geotechnical and geological studies of NWCT tunnel in Iran focusing on the stabilization analysis and design of support: A case study. Scientific Research and Essays, 6 (1): 79-97.
Hosseinitoudeshki, V., Vosoughikargazloo, A., Noori Gheidari, M. H., and Sarveram, H., 2012. Influences of crushed fault zone in the stability of Zaker- Sorkhedizaj tunnel, NW Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12 (10): 1426-1434.
Hooshmand, A., Aminfar, M. H., Asghari, E., and Ahmadi, H., 2012. Mechanical and physical characterization of Tabriz Marls, Iran. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 30(1): 219-232.
ISRM Suggested Methods., 1981. In: Brown, E.T. (Ed.), Rock Characterization Testing and Monitoring. Pergamon, Oxford. ISRM., 1981. Basic geotechnical description of rock masses, International Society of rock mechanics Commission on the classification of rock and masses. Int Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech, 18: 85-110.
ISRM., 2007. The Complete ISRM, Suggested Methods for Rock characterization testing and monitoring. International Society of rock mechanics, Commission on Testing Methods.
Jafarian, M.B., Abdoli, M., Samadian, M.R., 2004. Geological map of Chabahar, Scal 1:100000, Geological survey of Iran.
Marinos, P., Hoek., E., 2001. Estimating the geotechnical properties of heterogeneous rock masses such as flysch. Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment, 60: 85-92.
Nie, J., Qu, Z., Cheng, Y., Wang, X., Zhu, J., Sun, S., Geng, J., 2021. Diagnosing of clay distribution in argillaceous sandstone by a rock physics template. Geophysical Prospecting.69 (8-9): 1700-1715.
Quane, S. L., Russel, J. K., 2003. Rock strength as a metric of welding intensity in pyroclastic deposits. Eur J of Mineralogy, 15(5): 855-864.
Rahimi Shahid, M., Amiri, M., lashkaripour, G., Moradi, S., 2022. The estimation of Hamedan limestone brittleness index using point load index and porosity test. Geopersia, 12(2): 331-352.
Romana, M., 2004. DMR (an adaptation of RMR), a new geomechanics classification for using dams foundations. Universidad politechnica de Valencia., Spain.
Santi, P. M., Koncagül, E. C., 1996. Predicting the mode, susceptibility, and rate of weathering of shales. In Design with Residual Materials. Geotechnical and Construction Considerations (pp. 12-26). ASCE. December.
Santi, P. M., Doyle, B. C., Shakoor, A., 1997. The locations and engineering characteristics of weak rock in the US: Special Publication, 9: 1-22.
Santi, P. M., 1998. Improving the Jar Slake, Slake Index, and Slake Durability Tests for Shales. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 4 (3): 385-396.
Sharma, L. K., Singh, T. N., 2018. Regression-based models for the prediction of unconfined compressive strength of artificially structured soil. Engineering with computers., 34(1): 175-186.
Vernant, P., Nilfouroushan, F., Chery, J., Bayer, R., Djamour, Y., Masson, F., Tavakoli, F., 2004. Deciphering oblique shortening of central Alborz in Iran using geodetic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 223(1-2): 177-185.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 29 October 2024
  • Revise Date: 26 December 2024
  • Accept Date: 04 January 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics