The “South Gondwana Fauna” in the Jurassic – an example of the utility of marine Ostracods for palaeobiogeography and palaeogeographic researches

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Department of Geology, Khorramabad Branch , Islamic Azad University,Khorramabad, Iran.

Abstract

The present article is a review of a palaeobiogeographic analysis of Jurassic Ostracods from East Africa, India and Madagascar and includes also some general remarks on palaeobiogeography, biodiversity and Ostracod ecology.The palaeobiogeographic study shows the high significance of this microfossil group for the reconstruction of palaeogeographic processes, particularly plate tectonic developments and sea level changes. The “South Gondwana Fauna” (SGF) was established in the early Middle Jurassic in a shallow marine rift basin between Madagascar, India and East Africa (Gulf of Madagascar) which was a result of early rifting processes between East- and West Gondwana. The maximum diversity of this fauna was reached during the late Middle Jurassic due to geographic expansion of the basin caused by successive rifting and rising sea level. The strong endemic character of the fauna was related to the peripheral geographic position of the Gulf of Madagascar at the southern Tethyan margin. In the late Middle and Upper Jurassic the SGF shows a biogeographic separation between East Africa and Madagascar/India and increasing endemism which may be affected by a deepening of the gulf and/or by the appearance of other environmental migration barriers between these areas.

Keywords


Article Title [Persian]

فونای جنوب گندوانا ،مثالی ازکاربرد استراکدهای دریایی برای بررسی های پالئوبیوژئوگرفی و پالئوژئوگرافی

Author [Persian]

  • پروانه روزبهانی
دانشگاه آزاد خرم آباد
Abstract [Persian]

.
مقاله حاضر به بررسی  وتجزیه و تحلیل پالئوبیوژئوگرافی استراکدهای ژوراسیک شرق آفریقا ، هندوستان و ماداگاسکار پرداخته ، نکات کلی را در خصوص تنوع زیستی، اکولوژی و پالئوبیوژئوگرافی آنها دربرمی گیرد. مطالعات پالئو بیوژئوگرافی صورت گرفته ،اهمیت بالای این گروه ریزسنگواره  را دربازسازی فرایندهای جغرافیای گذشته زمین  به ویژه توسعه پلیت تکتونیک و تغییرات سطح آب دریا نشان می دهد. بر اساس مطالعات صورت گرفته ،فونای جنوب گندوانا در اغاز ژوراسیک میانی در یک حوضه دریایی کم عمق که منتج شده از فرایندهای ریفتینگ بین شرق و غرب گندوانا ست، بین ماداگاسکار، هندوستان و شرق آفریقا (خلیج ماداگاسکار) برجای گذاشته شده اند .ماکزیمم تنوع این فونا با توجه به گسترش جغرافیایی حوضه که ناشی از ریفتینگ های پی درپی و افزایش سطح اب دریاست به پایان ژوراسیک میانی مربوط می شود و ویژگی بومی شاخص این فونا نیز به موقعیت جغرافیایی محیطی خلیج ماداگاسکار که در حاشیه تتیس جنوبی قرار دارد مربوط است. در انتهای ژوراسیک میانی ژوراسیک پایانی هم، فونای جنوب گندوانا یک جدایش زیست جغرافیایی را بین شرق افریقا ،هندوستان و ماداگاسکار همراه با افزایش بومزادی که احتمالاً متاثر از تعمیق خلیج وظهور سایر موانع مهاجرت زیست محیطی بین این مناطق است نشان می دهد .

Keywords [Persian]

  • پالئوبیوژئوگرافی
  • پالئوژئوگرافی
  • ژوراسیک
  • استراکد
  • گندوانا
  • پلیت تکتونیک
Aberhan, M., Bussert, R., Heinrich, W.-D., Schrank, E., Schultka, S., Sames, B., Kriwet, J., Kapilima, S., 2002. Palaeoecology and depositional environments of the Tendaguru Beds (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Tanzania). Mitteilungen des Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe, 5: 19-44.
Adamczak, F., 1969. On the question of whether the palaeocopid Ostracods were filter-feeders. In: Neale, J.W. (Ed.), The taxonomy, morphology and ecology of recent Ostracoda. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 93-98.
Arkell, W. J., 1956. Jurassic Geology of the World.  London (Oliver Boyd), pp. 1-806.
Ayress, M., Neal, H., Passlow, V., Swanson, K., 1997.Benthonic Ostracods and deep water-masses: A qualitative comparison of Southwest Pacific, and southern Atlantic Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 131: 287-302.
Babinot, J.-F.,Crunière-Airaud, C., 1990.The effect of global events on the evolution of Cenomanian and Turonian marginal Tethyan Ostracod faunas in the Mediterranean region. In: Whatley, R., Maybury, C. (Eds.), Ostracoda and Global Events, Chapman and Hall, pp. 25-39.
Ballent, S.C., 1990. Lower and Middle Jurassic Ostracoda from Argentina. In: Whatley, R., Maybury, C. (Eds.), Ostracoda and Global Events. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 211-220.
Ballent, S.C., 1991. Ostrácodos del Jurásico Medio (Limite Aaleniano-Bayociano) en la Provincia del Neuquen, centro-oeste de Argentina.  Revista Espagnola de Micropaleontologia, 23: 21-56.
Ballent, S.C., 1992. Metacopina (Ostracoda) del Hettangiano Superior en el Sudoeste de la Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina.  Ameghiniana, 29 (2): 153-157.
Ballent, S.C., Whatley, R. 1995a.Distribution de Ostrácodos Jurásicos marinos en el Hemisferico sur. Implicancias paleoceanograficas. VI Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia, Actas, pp. 307-313.
Ballent, S.C.,Whatley, R., 1995b. Marine Ostracods as a chronoecological tool. Their application to the Andean Jurassic sequences of Argentina.  XIII Congreso Geológico Argentino y III Congreso de Exploration de Hydrocarburos, Actas, 5: 143-149.
Ballent, S.C., Whatley, R., 1996. The Middle Jurassic Ostracod genus Paradoxorhyncha CHAPMAN from Australia and Argentina: A Gondwana zoogeographical enigma. Ameghiniana, 33 (3): 315-318.
Ballent, S.C., Whatley, R., 2000a. The composition of Argentinian Jurassic marine Ostracod and foraminiferal faunas: environment and zoogeography. Geobios, 33 (3): 365-376.
Ballent, S.C., Whatley, R., 2000b. The distribution of the Mesozoic Ostracod genus Procytherura Whatley: palaeogeographical implications with special reference to Argentina. Alcheringa, 24: 229-242.
Barron, E.J., Harrison, C.G.A., Sloan, II, J.L., Hay, W.W., 1981. Paleogeography, 180 Million years ago to the present.EclogaeGeologicaHelveticae, 74: 443-470.
Basha, S.H., 1980. Ostracoda from the Jurassic system of Jordan. Revista Espagnola de Micropaleontologia, 12 (2): 231-254.
Bate, R.H., 1975. Ostracods from Callovian to Tithonian of Tanzania, East Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geological Series, 26 (5): 165-223.
Benson, R.H., 1969.Preliminary report in the study of abyssal Ostracods. In: Neale, J.W. (Ed.), The Taxonomy, Morphology and Ecology of recent Ostracoda. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 475-480.
Benson, R.H., 1975. The origin of the psychrosphere as recorded in changes of deep-sea Ostracod assemblages.Lethaia 8, 69-83.
Benson, R.H., 1988.Ostracods and palaeoceanography. In: De Deckker, P., Colin, J.-P., Peypouquet, J.-P. (Eds.), Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam , pp. 1-26.
Benton, M.J., 1990.The causes of diversification of life. In: Taylor, P.D., Larwood, G.P. (Eds.), Major Evolutionary Radiations. The Systematic Association, special volume, 42: 409- 430.
Bischoff, G.C.O., 1990a. The genus Schulerideain the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.Ostrakoden-Studien im Libanon, 5. Senckenbergiana lethaea, 71 (1-2): 85-137.
Bischoff, G.C.O., 1990b. The genus Hutsonia in the Late Jurassic.Ostrakoden-StudienimLibanon, 4.Senckenbergianalethaea, 70 (4-6): 397-429.
Boucot, A.J., 1975.Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls.Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Brenner, P., 1976. Ostrakoden und Charophyten des spanischen Wealden. Palaeontographica A., 152 (4-6): 113-201.
Brown, J.H., 1995: Macroecology. University of Chicago Press.
Cariou, E., 1973. Ammonites of the Callovian and Oxfordian. In: Hallam, A (Ed.). Atlas of Palaeobiogeography.Elsevier, Amsterdam , pp. 287-295
Carbonel, P., Colin, J.P., Danielopol, D.L., Löffler, H., Neustrueva, I. 1988.Palaeoecology of Limnic Ostracodes: a review of some major topics. Palaeogeography, Palaeclimatology, Palaeoecology, 62: 413-461.
Charriere, A., Dépeche, F., Feist, M., Grambast-Fessard, N., Jaffrezo, M., Peybernés, B., Ramalho, M., 1994.Microfaunes, microflores et paléoenvironments successifs dans la Formation d’el Mers (Bathonien-?Callovien) du Synclinal de Skoura (Moyen-Atlas, Maroc).Geobios, 27 (2): 157-174.
Coles, G., Ayrress, M., Whately, R., 1990, A comparison of North Atlantic and Pacific Cainozoic deep-sea Ostracoda. In: Whatley, R., Maybury, C. (Eds.), Ostracoda and Global Events. Chapman and Hall London, pp. 71-86.
Crasquin- Soleau, S., Depeche, F.,1993.Palaeoecology of ODP Leg 122 Triassic Ostracodes (Wombat Plateau, NW Australia). Geobios, 26: 331-344.
Cronin, T.M., 1979. Late Pleistocene marginal marine Ostracodes from the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain and their palaeoenvironmental implications. Géographie Physique Quarternaire, 33: 121-173.
Cronin, T.M., 1981. Palaeoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine Ostracodes from St. Lawrence Low lands.Micropaleontology, 27: 384-418.
Cronin, T.M., Del Martino, D.M., Dwyer, G.S., Rodriguez-Lazaro, J., 1999. Deep-sea Ostracode species diversity: response to Late Quaternary climate change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 148 (1-3): 231-250.
Danielopol, D.,Wouters, K., 1992. Evolutionary (paleo)biology of marine interstitial Ostracoda.– Geobios, 25 (2): 207-211.
Depeche, F., Le Nindre, Y., Manivit, J.,Vaslet, D., 1987. Ostracodes du Jurassique d’Arabie Saoudite Centrale: Systematique, répartition stratigraphique et paléogéographique. Geobios, Memoirspecial, 9: 221-275.
Dina, A., 1996. Geologie und Jurassische Palynologie des südlichen Morondava-Beckens, Madagaskar.Ph.D. thesis, TU Berlin.
Dingle, R., 1988.Marine Ostracod Distributions during the Early Breakup of Southern Gondwanaland. In: Hanai, T., Ikeya, N.,Ishizaki, K., (Eds.). Evolutionary Biology of Ostracoda. Developments in Paleontology and Stratigraphy, 11: 841-853.
Dingle, R.V., 1995.Continental shelf upwelling benthic Ostracoda in the Benguela System (South eastern Atlantic Ocean). Marine Geology, 122: 201-225.
Dingle, R.V., Lord, A.R., 1990.Benthic Ostracods and deep water-masses in the Atlantic Ocean. - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 80: 213-235.
Elofson, O., 1941. Zur Kenntnis der marinen Ostrakoden Schwedens, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Skagerraks. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala, 19: 215-534.
Enay, R., 1980. Paléobiogéographie et ammonites jurassiques: “rhytmes fauniques” et variations du niveau marin; voies d’échanges, migration et domaines biogéographiques. Livre Jubilaire de la Société géologique de France, 1880-1980. Mémoirs de la Societe de Géologie de France, 10: 261-281.
Erwin, D.H. 1998: The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions.- Trends of Ecology and Evolution, 13: 344-349.
Frakes, L.A., Francis, J.E.,Syktus, J.I., 1992.Climate modes of the Phanerozoic. Cambridge University Press.
Grekoff, N., 1963. Contribution a l’étude des Ostracodes du Mésozoique Moyen (Bathonien– Valanginien) du Bassin de Majunga, Madagascar. Revue de l’ Institut Français du Pétrole ,18(12): 1709-1762.
Hallam, A., 1969. Faunal realms and facies in the Jurassic.Palaeontology, 12: 1-18.
Heinze, M., 1996. Paläobiogeographie jurassischer Muschelfaunen: Beziehung zwischen Süd- und Nordrand der Tethys. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 70 (1/2): 97-128.
Hazel, J.E., 1988. Determining Late Neogene and Quarternary palaeoclimates and palaeotemperature regimes using Ostracods. In: De Deckker, P., Colin, J.-P., Peypouquet, J.-P. (Eds.), Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 89-103.
Horne, D.J., 2003.Key events in the ecological radiation of the Ostracoda. In: Park, L.E., Smith, A.J. (Eds.), Bridging The Gap– Trends in the Ostracod Biological and Geological Sciences. The Paleontological Society Papers, 9: 181-201.
Horne, D.J., Jarvis, J., Rosenfeld, A., 1990.Recovering from the effects of an oceanic anoxic event: Turonian Ostracoda from S.E. England. In: Whatley, R., Maybury, C. (Eds.), Ostracoda and Global Events. Chapman and Hall, pp. 123-139.
Hulings, N.C., Puri, H.S., 1964. The ecology of shallow water Ostracods of the West Coast of Florida.Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 33: 308-344.
Jablonski, D., 1986. Background and mass extinctions: the alternation of macroevolutionary regimes. Science, 231: 129-133.
Jarvis, I., Carson, G.A., Cooper, M.K.E., Hart, M.B., Leary, P.N., Tocher, B.A., Horne, D.J., Rosenfeld, A., 1988.Microfossil assemblages and the Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event. Cretaceous Research, 9: 3-103.
Khosla, S.C., Jakhar, S.R., Mohammed, M.H., 1997. Ostracods from the Jurassic beds of Habo Hill, Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Micropaleontology, 43 (1): 1-39.
Kilenye, T.I., Allen, N.W., 1968.Marine-brackish bands and their microfauna from the lower part of the Weald Clay of Sussex and Surrey. Palaeontology, 11 (1): 141-162.
Knox, L.W., Gordon, E.A., 1999.Ostracodes as indicators of brackish water environments in the Catskill Magnafacies (Devonian) of New York State. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 148 (1-3): 9-23.
Krömmelbein, K., Wengner, R., 1966. Sur quelques analogies remarquables dans les microfaunes crétacées du Gabon et du Brésil oriental (Bahia et Sergipe). Association Service géologique africain.  Symposium bassins sédimentaires du littoral africain. 1. Littoral Atlantique: pp. 193-196; New Delhi.
Lethiers, F., Whatley, R., 1994. The use of Ostracoda to reconstruct the oxygen levels of the Late Paleozoic oceans. Marine Micropaleontology, 24: 57-69.
Lord, A., Malz, H., Apthorpe, M., 1993. Lower Jurassic Ostracoda from off Western Australia. In: McKenzie K.G., Jones P.J. (Eds.), Ostracoda in the Earth and Life Sciences. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 109-121.
Lubimova, P.S., Guha, D.K., Mohan, M., 1960. On Ostracoda of Jurassic and Tertiary deposits from Kutch and Rajasthan (Jaisalmer), India. Bulletin of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 22: 1-61.
Malz, H., Hofmann, K., Radke, G., Cherchi, A., 1985.Biostratigraphy of the Middle Jurassic of N.W. Sardinia by means of Ostracods. Senckenbergianalethaea, 66 (3/5): 299-345.
Malz, H., Oertli, H.J., 1993. Middle Jurassic Ostracoda from Western Australia. In: McKenzie, K.G., Jones, P.J. (Eds.), Ostracoda in the Earth and Life Sciences. Balkema (Rotterdam), pp. 123-140.
Mette, W., 1993. Stratigraphie und Fazies des Jura von Nordsomalia. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (A), 149: 1-125.
Mette, W., 1995.Ostracods from the Middle Jurassic of southern Tunisia.Beringeria,16: 259-348.
Mette, W., 1997.Palaeoecology and Palaeobiogeography of the Middle Jurassic Ostracods of southern Tunisia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 131 (1-2): 65-113.
Mette, W., 2004a. Middle to Upper Jurassic sedimentary sequences and marine biota of the early Indian Ocean (Southwest Madagascar): some biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic conclusions. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 38: 331-342.
Mette, W., 2004b. Deciphering and interpreting Jurassic biodiversity and distribution trends for marine Ostracods in Gondwana – the role of biologic, endogenous and exogenous processes. Beringeria, 34: 3-35.
Mette, W., Geiger, M., 2004°.Bajocian and Bathonian Ostracods and depositional environments in Madagascar (Morondava Basin and southern Majunga Basin). Beringeria, 34: 37-56.
Mette, W., Geiger, M., 2004b.Taxonomy and palaeoenvironments of Callovian Ostracoda from the Morondava Basin (Southwest Madagascar). Beringeria, 34: 57-87.
Mette, W., Geiger, M., 2004c.Middle Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian Ostracoda and depositional environments of Southwest Madagascar. Beringeria, 34: 89-115.
Mette, W., Honigstein, A., Crasquin, S., 201: Deep-water Ostracods from the Middle Anisian (Reifling Formation of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria). Journal of Micropalaeontology, 34 (1): 71-91.
Neale, J. W., 1988.Ostracods and palaeosalinity reconstruction. In: De Deckker, P., Colin, J.-P., Peypouquet, J. -P. (Eds.), Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 125-157.
Oertli, H., 1963. Fossile Ostrakoden als Milieuindikatoren. Fortschritte der Geologie von Rheinland-Westfalen, 10: 53-66.
Rafara, A., H., 1990. Les Ostracodes du Jurassique Moyen-Néocomien de Bassin de Majunga (Madagascar) - Comparaison avec les autres Faunes Gondwaniennes. Geobios, 23 (4): 415-443.
Riccardi, A.C., 1991. Jurassic and Cretaceous marine connections between the Southeast Pacific and Tethys.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 87: 155-189.
Rohr, W.-M., 1976. Mitteljurassische Ostrakoden aus den Grands Causses Süd-Frankreichs. Ph.D. thesis, FU Berlin.
Rosenfeld, A., Vesper, B., 1977. The variability of sieve-pores in recent and fossil species of Cyprideistorosa (Jones, 1850) as an indicator for salinity and palaeosalinity. In: Löffler, H., Danielopol, D.L. (Eds.), Aspects of Ecology and Zoogeography of Recent and Fossil Ostracoda. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 55-67.
Rosenfeld, A., Gerry, E.,Honigstein, A., 1987a. Jurassic Ostracodes from Gebel Maghara, Sinai, Egypt. Revista Espagnola de Micropaleontologia, 19 (2): 251-280.
Rosenfeld, A., Oertli, H.J., Honigstein, A.,Gerry, E., 1987b. Oxfordian Ostracods from the Kidod Formation of the Majdal Shams area, Mount Hermon, Golan Heights. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 11 (2): 233-248.
Rosenfeld, A., Honigstein, A., 1991. Callovian-Oxfordian Ostracodes from the HamakhteshHagadol section, southern Israel. RevistaEspagnola de Micropaleontologia, 23 (3): 133-148.
Rosenfeld, A., Honigstein, A., 1998. Kimmeridgian Ostracodes from the Haluza Formation in Israel. Revista Espagnola de Micropaleontologia, 30 (2): 77-87.
Sames, B., 2002. Taxonomie, Paläoökologie, Biogeographieund Biostratigraphievonkalkigen Mikrofossilien (Ostrakoda, Charophyta) der Tendaguruschichten (Oberjura/Unterkreide) am Tendaguru Hill", Tansania. Diplomathesis, FU Berlin.
Schallreuter, R.E.L., Siveter, D., 1985. Ostracodes across the Iapetus Ocean. Palaeontology, 28: 577-598.
Scotese, C.R., 1991. Jurassic and Cretaceous plate tectonic reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 87: 493-501.
Skelton, P., 1993. Evolution: a biological and palaeontological approach. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Wokingham.
Smith, A.J., Horne, D.J., 2002. Ecology of marine, marginal marine and nonmarineostracodes.In: Holmes, A. &Chivas, A. (Eds.), The Ostracoda: applications in Quaternary Research. AGU Geophysical Monograph, 131: 37-64.
Uhmann, A., 1996. Sedimentologische und fazielle Entwicklung in Jura und Kreide im Morondava Becken (Südwest-Madagaskar). Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung, Berlin, pp. 1-129
Valentine, J.W., 1980. Determinants of diversity in higher taxonomic models. Paleobiology, 6: 444- 450.
Valentine, J.W, 1989.Phanerozoic marine faunas and the stability of the Earth system. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 75: 137-155.
Van Morkhoven, F.P., 1962. Post-Palaeozoic Ostracoda - Their Morphology, Taxonomy and Economic Use. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, London, New York.
Wakefield, M.I., 1995.Ostracoda and palaeosalinity fluctuations in The Middle Jurassic, Lealt Shale Formation, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Palaeontology, 38 (3): 583-617.
Ware, M., Whatley, R., 1981. Use of serial ostracode counts to elucidate the depositional history of a Bathonian Clay. In: Maddocks, R. (Ed.), Applications of Ostracoda. Departments of Geoscience, University of Houston, Houston, pp. 131-164.
Whatley, R., 1988. Ostracoda and Palaeogeography. In: De Deckker, P., Colin, J.-P., Peypouquet, J.-P. (Eds.). Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences, Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp. 103-125.
Whatley, R., 1990a. The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic events in the evolution of Mesozoic non-marine Ostracoda. In: Kaufmann, E.G., Walliser, O.H. (Eds.), Extinction events in Earth history. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 30: 1021-1040.
Whatley, R., 1990b. Ostracoda and global events. In: Whatley, R., Maybury, C. (Eds.), Ostracoda and Global Events. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 3-24.
Whatley, R., 1991. The platycopid signal: a means of detecting kenoxic events using Ostracoda.
Journal of Micropalaeontology, 10 (2): 181-185.
Whatley, R., 1992. The reproductive and dispersal strategies of Cretaceous non-marine Ostracoda: the key to pandemism. In: Mateer, N.J., Chen, P.J. (Eds.), Aspects of non-marine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Bejing, pp. 177-192.
Whatley, R., Ballent, S.C., 1994. Bi-Hemispherical distribution of Jurassic Ostracoda: paleogeographical implications. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 17: 961-966.