Planktonic Foraminifera of the Dariyan formation and implications of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Exploration Directorate of the National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Iran

3 Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The investigated section cropping out in Kuh-e-Banesh, Zagros basin (southern Iran) is represented by limestone, Cherty beds and marl
levels bearing abundant Planktonic foraminifers, radiolarian microfaunas, and ammonite imprints. For the first time, well to moderately
preserved forms of Planktonic foraminifera have been extracted from black shale and marls levels. Extracted biota was studied with
regard to relationship with abundances of radiolarian and total organic carbon. Rock Eval analysis shows high total organic carbon
content within Daryian Formation (lower part). The presence of high abundances of planktonic foraminifers and radiolarian associated
with high total organic carbon content in the lower part of the Dariyan Formation suggest a high productivity event, eutrophication,
and warming phenomena of the ocean during early Cretaceous. Biostratigraphical ranges of planktonic foraminifera in the studied
section indicate Early Aptian to early Late Aptian age. It is, therefore, implicated that the oceanic anoxic event 1a (OAE 1a) interval be
regarded as equivalent levels in Tethys domains. The black shale of oceanic anoxic event is characterized by the widespread existence
of regionally organic-rich beds in the Tethys basins. Micro-paleontological and geochemical results provide new insights into the
paleogeography of the Tethys realm and better correlation with well-studied worldwide successions.

Keywords


Article Title [Persian]

فرامینیفر های پلانکتونیک کرتاسه زیرین در حنوب ایران: نفوذ حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی بر حاشیه شمال شرقی تتیس

Authors [Persian]

  • مظاهر یاوری 1
  • مهدی یزدی 2
  • هرمز قلاوند 1
  • محمد حسین آدابی 3
1 شرکت ملی نفت ایران
2 گروه زمین شناسی
3 دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
Abstract [Persian]

مقطع مورد مطالعه در جنوب ایران، کوه بانش رخنمون دارد و شامل آهک، مارن و لایه چرتی همراه با فرامینیفر های پلانکتونیک، رادیولاریا و آمونیت می باشد. برای اولین بار به صورت سیستماتیک فرمهای آزاد فرامیینفرهای پلانکتونیک از شیل های تیره و مارن ها ی داریان زیرین استخراج و مطالعه گردید. بیو استراتیگرافی فرامینیفرهای پلانکتونیک در مقطع مورد مطالعه سن آپسین زیرین- ابتدای آپسین بالایی را نشان می دهد. این زمان معادل زمانی حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی در حوضه های تتیس است .
حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی بطور گسترده ای با مواد آلی بالا مشخص می گردد. نتایج آنالیزهای ژئوشیمیایی در ناحیه مورد مطالعه در بخش زیرین سازند داریان کربن آلی بالایی را نشان میدهد. فراوانی فرامینیفر های پلانکتونیک، رادیولر ها و کربن آلی بالا در بخش داریان زیرین بیانگرمواد غذایی بالا و گرم شدگی اقیانوسی در زمان کرتاسه زیرین است. با توحه به سن توالی مورد مطالعه، کربن آلی بالا و فراوانی فرامینیفرهای پلانکتونیک در شیل های تیره بیانگر حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی در ناحیه است . نتایج فسیل شناسی و ژئوشیمیایی ناحیه موردمطالعه یک دیدگاه جدیدی را برای پالئوژئوگرافی حوضه تتیس و توالی های جهانی مطالعه شده فراهم می کند.

Keywords [Persian]

  • فرامینیفر های پلانکتونیک
  • آپتین
  • ایران
  • سازند داریان
  • میزان کل کربن آلی
Arthur, M.A., Jenkeys, H.C., Brumsack, H.j., Schlanger, S.O., 1990.Stratigraphy geochemistry and paleoceanography of
organic-carbon rich Cretaceous squences. In: Asis, J., & Jasin, B., 2013, Aptian to Turonian radiolarians from chert
blocks in the Kuamut mélange, sabah. Malaysia. 42(5): 561-570.
Ben Fadhel, M., Layeb, M., Ben Youssef, M., 2010. Upper Albian planktonic foraminifera and radiolarian biostratigraphy
(Neubeur-Northern Tunisia). Comptes Rendus Palevol. 9(3): 73-81.
Ben Fadhel, M., Layeb, M., Hedfi, M., Ben Yossef, M., 2011.Albian oceanic anoxic events in northern Tunisia,
biostratigraphic and geochemical insights. Cretaceous Resaerch. 32(6): 685-699.
Ben Fadhel, M., Zouaghi, T., Amri, A., BenYousef, M., 2014. Radiolaria and planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy of
the early Albian organic rich beds of Fahdene Formation northern Tunisia. Journal of Earth Science. 25(1): 45- 63.
Berberian, M., King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards the paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran.Canadian Journal of the
Earth Science. 18: 210-265.
Bralower, T.J., Thierstein, H.R., 1984. Low productivity and slow deep-water circulation in mid-Cretaceous
oceans.Geology. 12: 614–618.
Bralower, T.J., Thierstein, H.R., 1984. Low productivity and slow deep-water circulation in mid Cretaceous
oceans.Geology. 12: 614–618.
Bralower, T.J., Slitter, W. V., Arthur, M. A., 1993. Dyoxic /anoxic episodes in the Aptian-Albian (early Cretaceous). In:
Plingel, M. S., Sager, W. W. Slitter, W. V., et al., eds, The mesozoic pacific, Geology, Tectonics and Volcanism.
Geophysical Monograph, 77: 5-37.
Bralower, T.J., Arthur, M.A., Leckie, R.M., Sliter,W.V., Allard, D.J., Schlanger, S.O., 1994. Timing and
paleoceanography of oceanic dysoxia/anoxia in the Late Barremian to Early Aptian (Early Cretaceous). Palaios, 9: 335–
369.
Brass, G.W., Southam, J.R. Peterson, W.H., 1982. Warm saline bottom water in the ancient ocean. Nature. 296: 620–623.
Caron, M., Homewood, P., 1983.Evolution of early foraminifers.Marine Micropaleontology. 7: 453–462.
Coccioni, R., Erba, E., Premoli Silva, I., 1992. Barremian–Aptian calcareous plankton biostratigraphy from the Gorgo a Cerbara section (Marche, Central Italy) and implications for plankton evolution. Cretaceous Research. 13: 517–537.
Coccioni, R., Marsili, A., Luciani, V., 2006. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events and radially elongated chambered
planktonic foraminifera: paleoecological and paleoceanographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology.
Palaeoecology. 235:66–92.
Danelian, T., Baudin, F., Gadin, S., Masure, E., Ricordel, C., Fili, I., Mecaj, T., Muska, K., 2007.The record of Mid-
Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events from the Ionian zone of southern Albania. Revue de micropaleontology. 50(3): 225-
237.
Danelian, T., Tsikos, H., Gardin, S., Baudin, F., Bellier, J.P., Emmanuel, L., 2004. Global and regional palaeoceanogrphic
changes as recorded in the Mid-Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) sequence of the Ionian zone (northwestern Greece). Journal
of Geology Society, London, 161(6): 703-709.
De Gea, G., Castro, J., Aguado, R., Ruiz-Oritz, P., 2003. Lower Aptian carbon Isotope stratigraphy from a distal carbonate
shelf setting, the Cau section, Prebetic zone, SE Spain. Paleogeography, paleoclimatology, paleoecology. 200(1): 207-
219
Erba, E., 2004. Calcareous nannofossils and Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events. Marine Micropaleontology. 52(1):85–106
Erba, E., Channell, J.E.T., Claps, M., Jones, C., Larson, R., Opdyke, B., Premoli Silva, I., Riva, A., Salvini, G., Torricelli,
S., 1999. Integrated stratigraphy of the Cismon Apticore (Southern Alps, Italy): a reference section for the Barremian–
Aptian interval at low latitudes. Journal of Foraminiferal Research. 29: 371–391.
Erbacher J., Thurow J., Littke, R. 1996. Evolution patterns of Radiolaria and organic matter variation: A new approach to
identify sea level changes in Mid-Cretaceous pelagic environments. Geology. 24: 499-502.
Erbacher, J., Thurow, J., 1998. Mid Cretaceous radiolarian zonation for the north Atlantic: an example oceanographically
controlled evolutionary process in the marine biosphere? In: Cramp, A., Macleod, C.J., Lee, S. V., et al., eds., geological
evolution of ocean basins: results from ocean drilling program. Geo. Soc. London, Special publications, 131(384): 71-82.
Erbacher, J., Huber, B.T., Norris, R.D., Markey, M., 2001.Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an
ocean anoxic event in the Cretaceous Period.Nature. 409: 325–327.
Ezampanah, Y., Sadeghi, A., Jamali, A.M., Adabi, M.H., 2013. Biostratigraphy of the Garau Formation (Berriasian?-lower
Cenomanian) in central part of Lurestan zone, northwest of Zagros Iran. Cretaceous Resaerch. 46: 101-113.
Gorin, G., Fiet, N., Pacton, M., 2009.Bentic microbial mats, a possible major component of organic matter accumulation in
the lower Aptian oceanic anoxic event. Terra Nova. 21: 21-27.
Graziano, R., 2013. Sedimentology, biostratigraphy and event stratigraphy of the Early Aptian oceanic anoxic event
(OAE1a) in the Apulia Carbonate Platform Margin e Ionian Basin System (Gargano Promontory, southern Italy), vol. 39.
Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 78–111.
Heimhofer, U., Hochuli, P.A., Herrle, J.O., Weissert, H., 2006. Contrasting origins of Early Cretaceous black shales in the
Vocontian basin: evidence from palynological and calcareous nannofossil records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology. 235: 93–109.
Heldt, M., Bachman, M., Lehmann, J., 2008.Microfacies, biostratigraphy and geochemistry of the hemipelagic Barremian-
Aptian in north-central Tunisia, influence of the OAE 1a on the southern Tethyan margin. Paleogeography,
Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology. 261: 246-260.
Hochuli, P.A., Mnegatti, A.P., Weissert, H., 1999.Episodes of high productivity and cooling in the early Aptian Alpine
Tethys.Geology. 27: 657-660.
Hosseini, S.A., Conrad, M.A., 2010. Evidence for an equivalent of the late Aptian oceanic anoxic event(OAE) across the
Kazerun fault, SW. Iran, the 1st International Applied Geological Congress, Islamic Azad university, Mashad branch,
Iran 26-28, April 2010.
Hu, X., Zhao, K., Yilmaz, Io., Li, Y., 2012. Stratigraphic transition and palaeoenviromental changes from the Aptian
oceanic anoxic event1a (OAE1a) to the oceanic red bed 1 (ORB1) in the Yenicesihlar section, central Turkey.
Cretaceous Research. 38, 40-51
Huck, S., Heimhofer, U., Rameil, N., Bodin, S., Immenhauser, A., 2011. Strontium and carbon-isotope chronostratigraphy
of Barremian–Aptian shoal-water carbonates, Northern Tethyan platform drowning predates OAE 1a. Earth Planet
Science Letter. 304(3):547–558
James, G.A., Wynd, J.G., 1965.Stratigraphy nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area, American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 49(12): 2182-2285.
Jenkyns, H.C., 1999. Mesozoic anoxic events and palaeoclimate.Zentralblatt Geologie und Pala¨ontologie1997, 27: 943–
949.
Jenkeys, H.C., 2010. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystem. 11. (3):Q03004
Meyer, Katja M., Kump, Lee R., 2008. Oceanic euxinia in Earth history: Causes and consequences. Annual Review of
Earth and Planetary Sciences. 36: 251–288.
Larson, R., Erba, E., 1999. Onset of the Mid-Cretaceous greenhouse in Barremian-Aptian: Igneous events and the
biological, sedimentary and geochemical response. Paleoceanography. 14, 663-678.
Leckie, R.M., Browler, T.J., Cashman, R., 2002. Oceanic anoxic events and planktonic evolution: Biotic response to
tectonic forcing during the mid-Cretaceous, Paleoceanography. 17: 13-29.
Quijano, M.L., Castro, J.M., Pancost, R.D., de Gea, G.A., Najarro, M.,Aguado, R., Rosales, I., Marnn-Chivelet, J.,
2012.Organic geochemistry, stable isotopes, and facies analysis of the Early AptianOAE-New records from Spain
(Western Tethys).Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology. 365-366: 276-293.
Menegatti, A.P., Weissert, H., Brown, R.S., Tyson, R.V., Farrimmnd, P., Strasser, A., Caron, M., 1998.High resolution
δ13C stratigraphy through the early Aptian "Livello Selli" of the Aptian Tethys. Paleoceangraphy, 13(5), 530-545.
Mojab, F., 1974. Some lower Cretaceous (Albian) invertebrates from Banesh southern Iran, Bulletin Indian Geologists
Association. 7(1): 13-34.
Moosavizadeh, M.A., Mahboobi, A., Moussvi-Harami, R., Kavoosi, M.A., 2014. Early Aptian anoxic event (OAE) 1a in
northeastern Arabian plate setting: an example from Dariyan Formation in Zagros fold-thrust belt, SE Iran. Arabian
Journal of Geosciences. 7: 4745-4756.
Moullade, M., Bellier, J. P., Tronchetti, G., 2002.Hierarchy of Criteria, Evolutionary Processes and Taxonomic
Simplificationin the Classification of Lower Cretaceous Planktonic Low Latitudes. Juornal of Foraminiferal Research.
29(4): 371–391
Najarro, M., Rosales, I., Martín-Chivelet, J., 2011. Major palaeoenvironmental perturbation in an Early Aptian carbonate
platform: prelude of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a?, Sedimentary Geology. 235(15): 50–71.
Premoli Silva, I., Verga, D., 2004. Practical manual of cretaceous planktonic foraminifera course 3., International school
of planktonic foraminifera, university of Perugia and Milano, triporgrafiadi di pontefecino Perugia, Italy, 283 pp.
Premoli Silva, I., Sliter, W.V., 1999. Cretaceous palaeoceanography: evidence from planktonic foraminiferal evolution:
InE. Barrera and C. C. Johnson, eds. Evolution of the Cretaceous ocean-climate system. Geological Society of America
Special Paper, 332:301–328.
Premoli Silva, I., Erba, E., Salvini, G., Locatelli, C., Verga, D., 1999. Biotic changes in Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events
of the Tethys. Journal of Foraminiferal Research. 29:352–370.
Robaszynski, F., Zagrani, M.F., Caron, M., Amerdo, F., 2010. The global bio-events at the Cenomanian-Turonian
transition in the reduced Bahloul Formation of Bou Ghanem (central Tunisia). Cretaceous Research. 31(1): 1-15, ISSN
01956671.
Schlanger, S.O., Jenkeys, H.C., 1976. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en
Mijnbouw. 55: 179-184.
Sepehr, M., Cosgrove, J. W., 2004.Role of Kazerun Fault Zone in the formation and deformation of the Zagros Fold-Thrust
Belt, Iran.Tectonics. 24(5): Cite IDTC5005.
Setudehnia, A., 1978.The Mezozoic sequence in southwest Iran and adjacent area.Journal of Petroleum Geology. 1(1): 3-
42.
Talbi, R., 1991. Etude géologique et géochimique des faciès riches en matière organique intérêt pétrolier de la région. PhD
Thesis, University de Tunis, 223pp.
Tarhandeh, E., Rashidi, M., 2006. Geochemical studies of Aptian-Albian deposits in eastern High Zagros. National Iranian
Oil Company, 1: 51pp. Unpublished (in Persian)
Van Buchem, F.S.P., Baghbani, D., Blout, LG., Caron, M., Gaumet, F., Hosseini, A., Keyvani F., Schroder, R., Swennen,
R., Vedrenne, V., 2010. Barremian-Lower Albian sequence stratigraphy of southwest Iran (Gadvan, Dariyan and
Kazhdumi Formation) and its comparison with Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.GeoArabia special
publication. 4: 503-548.
Verga, D., Premoli Silva I., 2003. Early Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from the Tethys, the small few chambered
representatives of the genus Globigerinelloides, Cretaceous Research. 24, 305-334
Wignall, Paul B., Richard, J. Twitchett, 1996. Oceanic Anoxia and the End Permian Mass Extinction.Science. 272(5265):
1155–1158.