Source and diagenesis of Middle Jurassic marine mudstones, Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iarn

2 Department of Geology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3

Abstract

Middle Jurassic fluvio-deltaic and turbiditic mudstones of the Kashafrud Formation, are important hydrocarbon sources in the gas-rich Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeast Iran. Clay mineral assemblages are important for interpretation of sediment provenance and for understanding burial diagenetic cementation in sandstones. The clay mineral assemblages in mudrocks in two areas, Saleh-Abad and Senjedak, were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. A total of 28 bulk samples (14 each section) were analysed and from 11 of these samples the

Keywords


Article Title [Persian]

منشأ و دیاژنز گلسنگ های ژوراسیک میانی، حوضه رسوب کپه داغ، شمال شرق ایران

Author [Persian]

  • مهدی رضا پورسلطانی 1
1 گروه زمین شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
2
Abstract [Persian]

گلسنگهای رودخانه ای-دلتایی سازند کشف رود، ژوراسیک میانی، منشأ مهم مواد هیدروکربوری در حوضه کپه داغ شمال شرق ایران محسوب می گردند. تجمع کانیهای رسی در تفسیر منشأ و سیمانی شدن ماسه سنگها طی دیاژنز دفنی اهمیت دارند. کانیهای رسی موجود در گلسنگها در دو منطقه صالح آباد و سنجدک توسط آزمایش تفرق اشع ایکس مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته اند. 28 نمونه بصورت توده ای (از هر برش 14 نمونه)، و 11 نمونه با اندازه کمتر از دو میکرون، بطور مجزا آزمایش شده اند. کانیهای شناسایی شده بطور عمده شامل کائولن، ایلیت، موسکویت، کلریت، لایه های مخلوط شده ایلیت-کلریت، و بطور نادر اسمکتیت است. بخشی از کانیهای رسی حمل شده و بخشی در طی دیاژنز دفنی حاصل شده اند. موسکویت حمل شده در بخشهای بالاتر برش ها فراوانی بیشتری دارند، اما اسمکتیت حمل شده نادر است. نبود لایه های مخلوط ایلیت-اسمکتیت نیز دلالت بر این دارد که اسمکتیت حاصل ایلیت شدن نمی باشد. همچنین انعکاس درخشندگی نیز حاکی از عمق 2-3 کیلومتر است، اما وجود کلریت و لایه های مخلوط ایلیت-کلریت حاصل از دیاژنز دلالت بر عمق تدفین بیشتری دارد. بالاآمدگی سریع سنگ کف گرانیت و سنگهای با دگرگونی درجه پایین منشأ کانیهای موسکویت و کلریت محسوب می گردند.

Keywords [Persian]

  • دیاژنز دفنی
  • کانیهای رسی
  • ژوراسیک میانی
  • حوضه کپه داغ
  • ایران
Aagaard, P., Jahren, J., Harstad, A.O., Nilsen, O., Ramm, M., 2000. Formation of grain coating chlorite in sandstones; laboratory synthesized vs. natural occurrences. Clay Minerals. 35: 261-269.
Abid, I., Hesse, R., 2007. Illitizing fluids as precursors of hydrocarbon migration along transfer and boundary faults of the Jeanne d’Arc Basin offshore Newfoundland, Canada. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 24; 237-245.
Afshar-Harb, A., 1979. The Stratigraphy, Tectonics and Petroleum Geology of the Kopet Dagh Region, Northern Iran, Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, London, England, 316 pp.
Aghanabati, A., 2004. Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran Publication, 586 pp. (in Persian).
Aoyagi, K., Kazama, T., 1980. Transformational changes of clay minerals, zeolites and silica minerals during diagenesis. Sedimentology. 27: 179-188.
Brindley, G.W., Brown, G., 1980. Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification. Mineralogical Society, London, 495 pp.
Brookfield, M.E., Hashmat, A., 2001. The geology and petroleum potential of the Norte Afghan platform and adjacent areas (northern Afghanistan, with parts of southern Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikestan). Earth-Science Reviews. 55: 41-71
Chamley, H., 1989. Clay Sedimentology. Springer, Berlin. 623 pp.
Corcoran, D.V., Clayton, G., 2001. Interpretation of vitrinite reflectance profiles in sedimentary basins, onshore and offshore Ireland. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 188: 61-90.
Eftekhar-Nejad, J., Alavi-Naini, M., Behrouzi, A., 1993. Geological map of Torbate- Jam, scale 1: 250,000 (one sheet), Geological Survey of Iran.
El Albani, A., Cloutier, R., Candilier, A.M., 2002. Early diagenesis of the Upper Devonian Escuminac Formation in the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec: sedimentological and geochemical evidence. Sedimentary Geology. 146: 209-223.
Ghaemi, F., 2004. Geological map of Agh-Darband, scale 1: 100,000 (one sheet), Geological Survey of Iran.
Golonka, J., 2004. Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Tectonophysics. 381: 235-273.
Hendry, J.P., Wilkinson, M., Fallick, A.E., Trewin, N.H., 2000. Dissiminated ‘jigsaw-piece’ dolomite in Upper Jurassic shelf sandstones, Central North Sea: an example of cement growth during bioturbation?, Sedimentology. 47: 631-644.
Heroux, Y., Chagnon, A., Bertrand, R., 1979. Compilation and correlation of major thermal maturation indicators, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin. 63: 2128-2144.
Karamati, M., Tavallai, M., Angaji, M., Memariani, M., 2000. Hydrocarbon potential and migration system of Kashafroud Formation, in Kopet Dagh sedimentary basin, NE Iran. 16th World Petroleum Congress, 11-15 June, Calgary, Canada. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/WPC-30121
Karim, A., Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., 2010. Controls on diagenesis of Lower Cretaceous reservoir sandstones in the western Sable Subbasin, offshore Nova Scotia. Sedimentary Geology. 224: 65-83.
Kavoosi, M.A., Lasemi, Y., Sherkati, S., Moussavi-Harami, R., 2009. Facies analysis and depositional sequences of the Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation, a carbonate reservoir in the Kopet Dagh Basin, NE Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology. 32: 235-260.
Lasemi, Y., 1995. Platform carbonates of the Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation in the Kopet Dagh Basin, NE Iran-facies paleoenvironments and sequences. Sedimentary Geology. 99: 151-164.
Lyberis, N., Manby, G., 1999. Oblique to orthogonal convergence across the Turan Block in the post-Miocene. American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin. 83: 1135-1160.
Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Carpenter, S.J., Aghaei, A., Collins, L.B., 2010. Petrographical and geochemical evidences for paragenetic sequence interpretation of diagenesis in mixed siliciclastic–carbonate sediments: Mozduran Formation (Upper Jurassic), south of Agh-Darband, NE Iran. Carbonates Evaporites. 25: 231-246.
Madani, M., 1977. A study of the sedimentology, stratigraphy and regional geology of the Jurassic rocks of eastern Kopet Dagh (NE Iran), Ph.D. thesis, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, England, 246 pp.
Moore, D.M., Reynolds, Jr, R.C., 1997. X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, New York. 378 pp.
Morad, S., Bergan, M., Knarud, R., Nystueu, J.P., 1990. Albitization of detrital plagioclase in Triassic reservoir sandstone from the Snorre Field, Norwegian North Sea. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 60: 411-425.
Moussavi-Harami, R., Brenner, R.L., 1992. Geohistory analysis and petroleum reservoir characteristics of Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) sandstones, eastern Kopet Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin. 76: 1200-1208.
Mukhopadhyay, P.K., 1992. Maturation of organic matter as revealed by microscopic methods: applications and limitations of vitrinite reflectance, and continuous spectral and pulsed laser fluorescence spectroscopy. In: Wolf KH, Chilingarian GV, (Eds.), Diagenesis, III. Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, New York. 47: 435-510.
Poursoltani, M.R., Moussavi-Harami, R., Gibling, M.R., 2007a. Jurassic deep-water fans in the Neo-Tethys Ocean: The Kashafrud Formation of the Kopet-Dagh Basin, Iran. Sedimentary Geology. 198: 53-74.
Poursoltani, M.R., Moussavi-Harami, R., Lasemi, Y., 2007b. Environmental interpretation of Kashafrud Formation (Upper Bajocian-Lower Bathonian) based on ichnofossils, NE Iran. Geosciences. 65: 170-185. (in Persian, abstract in English).
Poursoltani, M.R., Gibling, M.R., 2011. Composition, porosity and reservoir potential of the Middle Jurassic Kashafrud Formation northeast Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 28: 1094-1110.
Poursoltani, M.R., Kargar, M., 2012. Analysis of Middle Jurassic coarse grain deposits, in the East of Kopet-Dagh Basin, Iran. Sedimentary Facies. 4: 135-150 (in Persian, abstract in English).
Ryan, P. C., Hillier, S., 2002. Berthierine/chamosite, corrensite, and discrete chlorite from evolved verdine and evaporite-associated facies in the Jurassic Sundance Formation, Wyoming: American Mineralogist, 87: 1607–1615.
Sachsenhofer, R.F., Rantitsch, G., Hasenhüttl, C., Russegger, B., Jelen, B., 1998. Smectite to illite diagenesis in early Miocene sediments from the hyperthermal western Pannonian Basin. Clay Minerals. 33: 523-537.
Taheri, J., Fursich, F.T., Wilmsen, M., 2009. Stratigraphy, depositional environments and geodynamic significance of the Upper Bajocian-Bathonian Kashafrud Formation, NE Iran, in: Brunet, M.-F., Wilmsen, M., Granath, J.W. (Eds.), South Caspian to Central Iran Basins, London, UK, Geological Society Special Publication. 312: 205-218.
Thomas, J.C., Cobbold, P.R., Shein, V.S., Le Douaran, S., 1999a. Sedimentary record of late Paleozoic to Recent tectonism in central Asia—analysis of subsurface data from the Turan and south Kazak domains. Tectonophysics. 313: 243-263.
Thomas, J.C., Grasso, J.R., Bossu, R., Martinod, J., Nurtaev, B., 1999b. Recent deformation in the Turan and South Kazakh platforms, western central Asia, and its relation to Arabia–Asia and India–Asia collisions. Tectonics. 18: 201-214.
Velde, B., 1995. Origin and Mineralogy of Clays: Clays and the Environment. Springer, Berlin, pp. 234-240.
Verdel, C., Niemi, N., van der Pluijm, B.A., 2011. Variations in the illite to muscovite transition related to metamorphic conditions and detrital muscovite content: insight from the Paleozoic passive margin of the southwestern United States. Journal of Geology. 119: 419-437.
Worden, R.H., Morad. S., 2003. Clay minerals in sandstones: a review of the detrital and diagenetic sources and evolution during burial. In: Worden, R.H., Morad, S. (Eds.), Clay cement in sandstones, International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 34: 3-41.