Petrography, mineral chemistry and geothermobarometry of monzogabbro-monzodiorite intrusions of N-NE Bafq: An approach to understanding of the Ediacaran-Cambrian intracontinental rift in the central part of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Petrology and Economic Geology Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

2 Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University, Greece

3 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China

Abstract

The study area is located in the N-NE Bafq and the central Iran structural zone. The Rizu-Desu volcano-sedimentary sequence is crosscut by bimodal (basic and felsic) intrusions and dikes, with compositions ranging from monzogabbro to leucogranite. In the monzogabbro-monzodiorite intrusions (540 to 520 Ma) of the investigated region, plagioclase (with a dominant albite-oligoclase composition), pyroxene (diopside and augite), Ca-Fe-Ti-rich amphiboles (magnesiohornblende, tschermakite, Kaersutite, and ferrokaersutite), and biotite (Fe-biotite and Mg-biotite, and also Ti-rich (0.38-1)) are the essential minerals. Apatite, monazite, magnetite, titanomagnetite, titanite (sphene), and zircon are also accessory minerals. Geothermobarometry investigations based on the mineral chemistry of pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite indicate the temperatures of cessation of exchange and final equilibrium of the minerals, mainly covering a temperature range of 1270 to 1140 °C (pyroxenes), 890-790 °C (amphiboles) and 780-745 °C (biotites) (in respectively) and the pressure mainly cover range of 12.33 to 0.5 kbar. Petrological features of the studied rocks are very similar to those of appinite rocks. The parental magmas of monzogabbro-monzodiorite intrusions have mostly an alkaline nature and originated from partial melting of the metasomatized mantle source in an intracontinental rift tectonic setting. The resulting magmas evolved by fractional crystallization, and possibly crustal contamination, then emplaced in the continental crust around the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Article Title [Persian]

-

Abstract [Persian]

.

Abdel-Rahman, A.F.M., 1994. Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous magmas. Journal of Petrology, 35: 525-541.
Abdollahi, M., 2021. Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of iron mineralization in the Majerad region (southeast of Shahrood). M.Sc. Thesis, Shahrood University of Technology, Department of Earth Sciences. (In Persian with English abstract).
Agemar, T., Wörner, G., and Heumann, A., 1999. Stable isotopes and amphibole chemistry on hydrothermally altered granitoids in the North Chilean Precordillera: a limited role for meteoric water. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 136: 331-344.
Aghanabati, A., 2004. Geology of Iran. A Publication of the Geological Survey of Iran, 582 pp. (in Persian).
Aghanabati, A., Haghi-Pour, A., 2002. Geological map of Tabas (Scale 1:250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Aghanabati, A., Saeedi, A., 2011. Geological map of Abdoughi (Scale 1:250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Ahmadi-Moghadam, P., 2019. Petrogenesis of Mafic Igneous Rocks in the Hormoz Series, Southern Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Hormozgan University, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Petrology, 333 p. (in Persian with English abstract).
Amini, B., Rashidi, H., Poshtkuhi, M., Keshani, F., 2004. Geological map of Bafq (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Anderson, J.L., Smith, D.R., 1995. The effects of temperature and ƒO2 on the Al in-hornblende barometer. American Mineralogist, 80: 549-559. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1995-5-614
Asadi-Sarshar, M., Shafaii-Moghadam, H., Griffin, W.L., Santos, J.F., Stern, R.J., Ottley, C.J., Sarkarinejad, Kh., Sepidbar, F., O’Reilly, S.Y., 2020. Geochronology and geochemistry of exotic blocks of Cadomian crust from the salt diapirs of SE Zagros: the Chah-Banu example. International Geology Review, DOI:10.1080/00206814.2020.1787236
Ashrafi, N., Dabiri, R., Jahangiri, A., 2024. Some chemical variations in biotite, phlogopite, and muscovite, considering their tectonic setting. Geopersia, 14(2): 307-325. DOI: 10.22059/GEOPE .2024.373882.648749
Aydin, F., Karsli, O., and Sadiklar, M.B., 2009. Compositional Variations, Zoning Types and Petrogenetic Implications of Low-pressure Clinopyroxenes in the Neogene Alkaline Volcanic Rocks of Northeastern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences (Turkish J. Earth Sci.), 18: 163-186.
Azhdari, A., Nazari, H., Aghanabati, A., 2003. Geological map of Robat-e-khan (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Berger, J., Femenias, O., Mercier, J., and Demaiffe, D., 2005. Ocean‐floor hydrothermal metamorphism in the Limousin ophiolites (western French Massif Central): evidence of a rare preserved Variscan oceanic marker. journal of Metamorphic geology, 23: 795-812.
Blundy, J.D., Holland, T.J.B., 1990. Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole plagioclase geothermometer. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 104: 208-224.
Bonyadi, Z., 2011. Mineralization and alteration in Se-Chahun Fe deposit, Bafq, Yazd Province. Ph.D. Thesis, Tarbiat Moalem University of Tehran, Faculty of Sciences, 179 p. (in Persian with English abstract).
Bonyadi, Z., Sadeghi, R., 2019. Hydrothermal alteration associated with magnetite mineralization in the Bafq Iron deposits, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes. 2019.104152.
Coltorti, M., Bonadiman, C., Faccini, B., Grégoire, M., O'Reilly, S. Y., Powell, W., 2007. Amphiboles from suprasubduction and intraplate lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 99: 68-84.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., 1992. An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. Second Editions, Longman, London, 696p.
Djokovic, I., Dimitrijevi, M.N., Cukucan, M., (1972). Geological map of Baghin (Scale 1:100,000).Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Engvik, A.K., Ihlen, P.M. and Austrheim, H., 2014. Characterisation of Na-metasomatism in the Sveconorwegian Bamble sector of south Norway. Geoscience Frontiers, 5(5): 659-672.
Ernest, W.G., Liu, J., 1998. Experimental phase-equilibrium study of Al- and Ti-contents of calcic amphibole in MORB-A semiquantitative thermobarometer. American Mineralogist, 83: 952-969.
Ernst, W.G., 2002. Paragenesis and thermobarometry of Ca-amphiboles in the Barcroft granodioritic pluton, central White Mountains, eastern California. American Mineralogist, 87: 478-490.
Faramarzi, N.S., Jamshidibadr, M., Heuss-Assbichler, S., Borg, G., 2019. Mineral chemistry and fluid inclusion composition as petrogenetic tracers of iron oxide-apatite ores from Hormuz Island, Iran. Journal of African Earth Science, 155: 90-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.03.018
Foden, D., Green, D.H., 1992. Possible role of amphibole in the origin of andesite: some experimental and natural evidence. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 109: 479-493.
Ghaemi, F., Saeedi, A., 2006. Geological map of Chadormalou (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Griffis, R., Kluyver, H.M., Alavi-Naini, M., 1981. Geological map of Nayband (Scale 1:250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Griffis, R., Kluyver, H.M., Alavi-Naini, M., Chance, P.N., Meixner, H.M., Tirrul, R., 1959. Geological map of Nayband (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Gündüz, M. and Asan, K., 2023. MagMin_PT: An Excel-based mineral classification and geothermobarometry program for magmatic rocks. Mineralogical Magazine, 87(1): 1-9.
Hafezian, G., Jamali, H., 2015. Geochemistry and genesis of magnetite-apatite mineralization in Gazestan, east of Bafq . Journal of Petrology, 6(24): 39-64 (In Persian).
Haghi-pour, A., Pelissier, G., Bolurchi, M.H., Valeh, N., Aghanabati, A., Davoudzadeh, M., Stocklin, J., Sluiter, W., Natn, G., 1972. Geological map of Ardakan (Scale 1:250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Hammarstrom, J.M., Zen, E., 1986. Aluminum-in-hornblende: an empirical igneous geobarometer. American Mineralogist, 1297-1313.
Hassanzadeh, J., Stockli, D.F., Horton, B.K., Axen, G., 2008. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the late Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian granitoids in Iran: Implications for paleogeography, magmatism, and exhumation history of Iranian basement. Tectonophysics, 451: 71-96.
Hawthorne, F.C., 1983. Crystal chemistry of the amphiboles. Canadian Mineralogist, 21: 174-481.
Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Harlow, G.E., Maresch, W.V., Martin, R.F., Schumacher, J., Welch, M., 2012. Nomenclature of the amphibole supergroup. American Mineralogist, 97: 2031-2048.
Heidari, Z., 1996. Study of volcanism in the Esfordi and Zarigan regions. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Faculty of Sciences, 135 p. (in Persian).
Helmy, H.M., Ahmed, A.F., El Mahallawi, M.M., Ali, S.M., 2004. Pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity conditions of calc-alkaline granitoids, Eastern Desert of Egypt, and tectonic implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 38: 255-268.
Henry, D.J., Guidotti, C.V., Thomson, J.A., 2005. The Ti-saturation surface for low-to-medium pressure metapelitic biotites: Implications for geothermometry and Ti-substitution mechanisms. American Mineralogist, 90(2-3): 316-328.
Hollister, L.S., Grissom, G.C., Peters, E.K., Stowell, H.H., Sisson, V.B., 1987. Confirmation of the empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons. American Mineralogist, 72: 231-239.
Hossain, I., Tsunogae, T., Jannatun, N., Rahman, M. S., Nahar, M., Hasan, A. M., Khatun, M. M., 2023. Mineral compositional constraints on the petrogenesis of gabbroic and monzodioritic rocks in Rangpur District, NW Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2022. 100134
Huckriede, R., Kursten, M., & Venzlaff, H., 1962. Zur geologie des gebietes zwischen Kerman and Sagand (Iran). Beihefet Zum Geologisschen Jahrbuch. 51: 197 p.
Ishihara, S., 1977. The magnetite series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks. Mining Geology, 27: 293-305.
Johnson, M.C., Rutherford, M.J., 1988. Experimental calibration of an Aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer applicable to calc-alkaline rocks. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69:1511.
Kerwin, S.P., 2018. Sodic alteration in magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Northern Illinois University.                           Kluyver, H.M., Griffis, R., Alavi Naeini, M., 1981. Geological map of Nayband (Scale 1:250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Kluyver, H.M., Griffis, R., Chance, P.N., Meixner, H.M., Tirrul, R., 1959. Geological map of Nayband (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran (In Persian).
Lalonde, A.E., Bernard, P., 1993. Composition and color of biotite from granites; two useful properties in characterization of plutonic suites from the Hepburn internal zone of Wopmay Orogen, Northwest Territories. The Canadian Mineralogist, 31: 203-217. DOI: 10.2113/gscanmin.41.6.1381
Le Bas, M.J., 1962. The role of aluminum in igneous clinopyroxenes with relation to their parentage. American Journal of Science, 260: 267-288. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.260.4.267
Le Bas, M.J., Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., 1986. A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of Petrology, 27: 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Arps, C.E.S., Birch, W.D., Gilbert, M.C., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kato, A., Kisch, H.J., Krivovochev, V.G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J.A., Maresch, W.V., Nickel, E.H., Rock, N.M.S., Schumacher, J.C., Smith, D.C., Stephenson, N.C.N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E.J.W., Youzhi, G., 1997. Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and
Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 82: 1019-1037.
Leterrier, J., Maury, R. C., Thonon, P., Girard, D., Marchal, M., 1982. Clinopyroxene composition as a method of identification of the magmatic affinities of paleo-volcanic series. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59: 139-154.
Li, X., Zhang, C., 2022. Machine learning thermobarometry for biotite‐bearing magmas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 127(9), DOI: 10.1029/2022JB024137
Lotfi, M., Hariri, A., and Farkhondi, F., 1998. An Attitude on iron mineralization in the Gelmandeh area (northeast of Saghand). Second Conference of the Geological Society of Iran (In Persian).
Mahdavi, M.A., Aghanabati, A., Soheili, M., Mohajjel, M, Hukriede, R., Haj-Mola-Ali, A., 1996. Geological map of Ravar (Scale 1:250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Majidi, A., Babakhani, A.R. (2000) Geological map of Ariz (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Majidi, S.A., Omrani, J., Troll, V.R. et al., 2021. Employing geochemistry and geochronology to unravel genesis and tectonic setting of iron oxide-apatite deposits of the Bafq-Saghand metallogenic belt, Central Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geol Rundsch) 110: 127-164.
Martin, R.F., 2007. Amphiboles in the igneous environment. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 67(1): 323-358.
Masoudi, F., Mohajjel, M., Shaker-Ardekani, F., 2008. Investigation of chemical and structural changes and determination of temperature in a progressive deformation: Evidence from the Zarrin shear zone, Ardakan. International Journal of Geoscience, 73: 11-16.
Mehdipour Ghazi, J., Moazzen, M., Rahgoshay, M., Wilde, S.A., 2021. Zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopes and whole rock geochemistry of magmatic rocks from the Posht-e-Badam Block: A key to tectonomagmatic evolution of Central Iran. Gondwana Research, 87: 162-187.
Mokhtari, A.A., 2015. Posht-e-Badam Metallogenic Block (Central Iran): A suitable zone for REE mineralization. Central European Geology, 58 (3): 199-216.
Mokhtari, M. A., Ebrahimi, M., Javidfar, B., Nabavi Sheghaghi, S.T., 2016. Petrology and Geochemistry of syenitic and gabbroic intrusive rocks in the north of Esfordi Phosphate mine (NE Bafq). Researches in Earth Sciences, 7(4): 1-21.
Molina, J.F., Scarrow, J.H., Montero, P.G., Bea, F., 2009. High-Ti amphibole as a petrogenetic indicator of magma chemistry: evidence for mildly alkalic-hybrid melts during evolution of Variscan basic–ultrabasic magmatism of Central Iberia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158: 69-98.
Molina, J.F., Moreno, J.A., Castro, A., Rodríguez, C. and Fershtater, G.B., 2015. Calcic amphibole thermobarometry in metamorphic and igneous rocks: New calibrations based on plagioclase/amphibole Al-Si partitioning and amphibole/liquid Mg partitioning. Lithos, 232: 286-305.
Morimoto, N., 1988. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogy and Petrology, 39: 55-76.
Moore, G., Carmichael, I.S.E., 1998. The hydrous phase equilibria (to 3 kbar) of an andesite and basaltic andesite from western Mexico: constraints on water content and conditions of phenocryst growth. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 130: 304-319.
Mücke, A. and Chaudhuri, J.B., 1991. The continuous alteration of ilmenite through pseudorutile to leucoxene. Ore geology reviews, 6(1): 25-44.
Mutch, E.J.F., Blundy, J.D., Tattitch, B.C., Cooper, F.J. and Brooker, R.A., 2016. An experimental study of amphibole stability in low-pressure granitic magmas and a revised Al-in-hornblende geobarometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 171: 1-27.
Murphy J.B., 2019. Appinite suites and their genetic relationship with coeval voluminous granitoid batholiths. International Geology Review, DOI: 10.1080/00206814.2019.1630859
Nabavi, M.H., Iwao, Sh., Tatevosian, Sh., Valeh, N., Haghi-pour, A., Pelissier, G., Bolurchi, M., 1996. Geological map of Yazd (Scale 1: 25,0000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Nachit, H., Ibhi, A., Abia, E.H., Ohoud, M.B., 2005. Discrimination between primary magmatic biotites, reequilibrated biotites, and neoformed biotites. Geomaterials (Mineralogy), Geoscience, 337: 1415-
1420.
Nisbet, E.G., Pearce, J. A., 1977. Clinopyroxene composition in mafic lavas from different tectonic settings. Contributions to mineralogy and petrology, 63: 149-163.
Niu, L. F., & Zhang, H. F. (2005). Mineralogy and petrogenesis of amphiboles from intermediate-mafic intrusions in southern Taihang Mountains (in Chinese with English abstract). Geotectonica Et Metallogenia, 29(2): 269-277.
Nogol-Sadat, M. A. A., 2012. Geological map of Herisk (Scale 1:25,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
Otten, M.T., 1984. The origin of brown hornblende in the Artfjället gabbro and dolerites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 86: 189-199.
Parvaresh-Darbandi, M., Malekzadeh-Shafaroudi, A., Azim Zadeh, A.M., Karimpour, M.H., 2020. Magnetite mineralization properties of Narm iron mine with respect to petrology and geochemistry of its adjacent gabbroic-dioritic rocks (North of Tabas, South Khorasan Province). Journal of Petrology, 41:103-128.
Pilgrim, G.E., 1908. The geology of the Persian Gulf and the adjoining portion of Persia and Arabia. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 34: 1–177.
Pirooj, H., Tahmasebi, Z., Ahmadi Khalaji, A., 2019. Mineralogy, geochemistry and radiometric dating of igneous rocks of Champeh salt dome, north Bandar-Lengeh. International Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 27: DOI: 909-924. 10.29252/ijcm.27.4.909
Poshtkoohi, M., Ahmad, T. and Choudhary, A.K., 2018. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Biabanak- Bafq mafic magmatism: Implications for the evolution of central Iranian terrane. Journal of Earth System Science, 127: 1-30. DOI: 10.1007/s12040-018-0969-5
Putirka, K.D., 2008. Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 69, 61–120. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2008.69.3
Putirka, K.D., 2016. Amphibole thermometers and barometers for igneous systems and some implications for eruption mechanisms of felsic magmas at arc volcanoes. American Mineralogist, 101, 841–858. DOI: 10.2138/am-2016-5506
Ramezani, J., Tucker, R.D., 2003. The Saghand region, Central Iran: U–Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for Gondwana tectonics. American Journal of Science, 303: 622-665. DOI: 10.2475/ajs.303.7.622
Rezaei, M., 2020. Petrology, geochemistry, isotope geology, and geodynamic model of the Do-Chah metamorphic-igneous complex (SE Shahrood). Ph.D. Thesis, Shahrood University of Technology, Department of Petrology, 279 p. (in Persian with English abstract).
Ridolfi, F., Renzulli, A., Puerini, M., 2010. Stability and chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc- alkaline magmas: an overview, new thermobarometric formulations and application to subduction- related volcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 163: 45-66.
Ridolfi, F., 2021. Amp-TB2: An updated model for Calcic amphibole thermobarometry. Minerals, 11, 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11030324.
Ridolfi, F.; Zanetti, A.; Renzulli, A.; Perugini, D., Holtz, F.; Oberti, R. AMFORM, 2018. a new mass- based model for the calculation of the unit formula of amphiboles from Electron Micro-Probe analyses. Am. Mineral., 103: 1112-1125.
Sabzehei, M., 2017. Geological map of Ali Abad (Scale 1:25,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
Sadeghian, M., Hosseini, S. H., Hemmati, A., and Shekari, S., 2017. Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of SW Mayamey granitoids. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 26(103): 41-60.
Sadeghian, M., 2018. Geological map of Esfeng (Scale 1:250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
Salami, P., Akbarpour, A., Lotfi, M., Gourabjiri, A., Mineralography, geochemistry, and Sulfur isotope
study in 16B magnetite mineralization anomaly, Bafgh, Yazd. Journal of Petrology, 7 (1): 97-120 (in Persian).
Sarjoughian, F., Kananian, A., Lentz, D.R., Ahmadian, J., 2015. Nature and physicochemical conditions of crystallization in the South Dehgolan intrusion, NW Iran: mineral-chemical evidence. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 24: 249-275.
Scaillet, B., Macdonald, R., 2003. Experimental constraints on the relationships between peralkaline rhyolites of the Kenya Rift Valley. Journal of Petrology, 44(13): 1867-1894.
Scaillet, B. and Macdonald, R., 2004. Fluorite stability in silicic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147, pp.319-329. DOI: 10.1007/s00410-004-0559-1
Schmidth, M.W., 1992. Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in hornblende barometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110: 304-310.
Sepehri-Rad, R., Alirezaei, S., Azim-Zadeh, A.M., 2018. Hydrothermal alteration in the Gazestan magnetite-apatite deposit and its comparison with other iron deposits, Bafq district, central Iran. International Journal of Geoscience, 108: 257-268.
Sepidbar, F., Ghorbani, G., Simon, A. C., Ma. J. L., Palin R. M., Homam, S. M., 2022. Formation of the Chah-Gaz iron oxide-apatite ore (IOA) deposit, Bafq District, Iran: Constraints from halogens, trace element concentrations, and Sr-Nd isotopes of fluorapatite. Ore Geology Reviews, 140: 104599,ISSN 0169-1368,
Sepidbar, F., Ghorbani, G., Zoheir, B., Palin, R. M., Homam, S. M., Zafar, T., He, L. 2021. Coeval calc-alkaline and alkaline Cadomian magmatism in the Bafq, central Iran: Insights into their petrogenesis. Lithos, 406: 106535. DOI:10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106535
Sepidbar, F., Homam, S. M., Ghaemi, F., Stern, R. J., Jun, H., Karsli, O., Gholami, M., 2024. Cadomian tectonic evolution of Iran: records of an unusually hot and broad extensional convergent margin on the northern margin of Gondwana. International Geology Review, 66 (7): 1352-1372.
Sepidbar, F., Moghadam, H. S., Li, C., Stern, R. J., Jiantang, P., & Vesali, Y., 2020. Cadomian magmatic rocks from Zarand (SE Iran) formed in a retro-arc basin. Lithos, 366: 105569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105569
Shahri, M., 2022. Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks in southern Iran salt domes, Southern Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Hormozgan University Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Petrology, 164 p. (in Persian with English abstract).
Sharifi, A., 1997. Study of granitoids of central Iran, Esfordi-Zarigan areas. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid University of Tehran, Faculty of Earth Sciences, 222 p. (in Persian).
Sheikh-o-leslami, B., Zamani, H., 1999. Geological map of Halvan (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Sial, A., Ferreira, V., Fallick, A., Cruz, M. J. M., 1998. Amphibole-rich clots in calc-alkalic granitoids in the Borborema province, northeastern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 114:457-471. DOI: 10.1016/S0895-9811(98)00034-0
Simakin, A., Zakrevskaya, O., Salova, T., 2012. Novel amphibole geobarometer with application to Mafic Xenoliths. Earth Science Research, 1: 82-97.
Soheili, M., Mahdavi, M., 1991. Geological map of Esfordi (Scale 1:100,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Spear, J.A., 1984. Micas in igneous rocks. In: Micas, Bailey, S.W., (ed); Mineralogical Society of America. Review in Mineralogy, 13: 299-356.https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501508820-013
Stein, E., Dietl, C., 2001. Hornblende thermobarometry of granitoids from the Central Odenwald (Germany) and their implications for the geotectonic development of Odenwald. Mineralogy and petrology, 72: 185-207.
Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52: 1229-1258.
Tyler, S.A. and Marsden, R.W., 1938. The nature of leucoxene. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 8(2):55-58.
Teimouri, S., Ghorbani, M., Modabberi, S., 2022. Petrography and mineral chemistry of metasomatites related to Iron-Apatite mineralization in Kiruna-type deposits in the Bafq region with a focus on Choghart and Chadormalu mining district, Central Iran. Journal of crystallography and mineralogy, 30 (4):667-682 (in Persian).
Torab, F.M., Lehmann, B., 2007. Magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran: apatite geochemistry and monazite geochronology. Mineralogical Magazine, 71(3):347-363.
Uchida, E., Endo, S., Makino, M., 2007. Relationship between solidification depth of granitic rocks and formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Resource Geology, 57: 47-56.
Vahdati-Daneshmand, F., Zohreh-Bakhsh, A., Srdic, A., Dimitrijevic, M.N., Djokovic, I., 1992. Geological map of Rafsanjan (Scale 1: 250,000). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
Vaziri, S.H., Majidifard, M.R., Laflamme, M., 2019. New discovery on Ediacaran fossils from the Kushk Series in Bafq and Behabad regions, Central Iran. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 28(112), 261-268 (in Persian). Doi: 10.22071/gsj.2018.136508.1495
Veisskarami, M., 2018. Petrology, geochemistry and geodynamics of the Majerad metamorphic complex (southeast of Shahrood). Ph.D. Thesis, Shahrood University of Technology, Department of Petrology, 322 p. (in Persian with English abstract).
Veisskarami, M., Sadeghian, M., Ghasemi, H.A., Zhai, M., 2019. Mineral chemistry and geothermobarometry of metabasites of the igneous-metamorphic complex of Majerad (southeast of Shahrood). Journal of Economic Geology, 11: 665-684. (In Persian)
Vynhal, C.R., Mcsween, H. Y. Jr., 1991. Hornblende Chemistry in southern Appalachian granitoids: Implications for aluminous hornblende thermobarometry and magmatic epidote stability. American Mineralogist, 76: 176-188.
Zolala, F., Alipour-Asll, M., Sadeghian, M., Ghasemi, H., Zhai, M. and Amidimehr, E., 2025.
Mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of iron oxide-apatite ores in the Bafq mining district, Central Iran: Proposed a new tectonic setting for mineralization. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 275: 107785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107785

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 14 July 2025
  • Receive Date: 21 April 2025
  • Revise Date: 10 June 2025
  • Accept Date: 14 July 2025