Univrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603The impact of climate change and water resources management on the groundwater volume and chemistry of the Neyriz Aquifer_11810217710.22059/geope.2025.385170.648787ENSomayehZarei DoudejiFaculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran0009-0003-5223-3930Journal Article20241110Global warming and climate change have repeatedly led to droughts in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. When these droughts are compounded by poor management of groundwater resources, severe water crises occur. This leads to a deterioration of groundwater resources in terms of both quantity and quality. The excessive abstraction of groundwater for human consumption, e.g. for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes, leads to a sharp decline in groundwater levels and ultimately to land subsidence. This study deals with the effects of climate change and the mismanagement of groundwater resources in the Neyriz plain. For the hydrogeological study, iso-potential and flowline maps from September 1995 to 2020, iso-EC lines from September 1998 to 2020, and hydrographs and chemograms of the aquifer were plotted along with Piper, Durov, Shoeller and Gibbs diagrams. The results indicate an annual drawdown of 0.4 meters in the plain and a decline in water quality from 1998 to 2020. The cross section along the aquifer in 1998 and 2020 reveals a reverse slope of the water level near the lake, which has led to surface saltwater intrusion into the aquifer from the lake that increasing by about 175 percent from 1998 to 2020. Since there are no geophysical surveys in the area, the depth of the bedrock was estimated based on the maximum depth of the nearby production wells. The volume of the aquifer was calculated using ArcGIS software for each year from 1995 to 2020 and an empirical equation was derived to predict the volume of the aquifer based on the water level of the plain in the present or in the future. Based on the relationship between groundwater level, EC and volume of the aquifer, it was found that the aquifer behaves differently when the level is above or below 1538 meters. It was found that below 1538 meters, the lateral surface of the aquifer in the western part decreases sharply, reducing the volume of the aquifer and increasing the infiltration of salt water from the lake. It is therefore recommended to carry out artificial recharge in the Neyriz Plain to prevent the water table from dropping especially bellow 1538 meters. In addition, the construction of an underground dam at the western part<br />of the aquifer can effectively prevent saltwater intrusion from the lake. In addition, the thickness of the aquifer in the plain was plotted for selected years to observe changes over time. The results indicate that the aquifer boundary should be reassessed..https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_102177_7522a1fc1e562a786d92581208fcd523.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Application of Hydrological Balance Approach to Estimate Karstic Groundwater Discharge to the Sea: Nekarood Karst Basin, Iran-193110223810.22059/geope.2025.390468.648808ENNargesNabizadeh ChamazcotiDepartment of Geology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranGholam HosseinKaramiDepartment of Geology, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, IranAzizollahTaheriDepartment of Geology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranRamazanRamazani OmaliDepartment of Geology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranJournal Article20250213Nekarood karst basin (NRKB) is located near the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, in Mazandaran province, Iran. The recharge potential map of this karst basin was prepared by considering lithology, slope, aspect, density of streams, precipitation, density of fractures, epikarst and karst features using GIS. These factors have been weighted using information obtained from geological maps, satellite images and field investigations. The results show that the values of recharge in NRKB varies from 12 to 45%. Based on this, the total amount of annual recharge in this basin is estimated to be about 243 million cubic meters. Based on the obtained results, the annual discharge of groundwater in the area is estimated about 71 million cubic meters. Due to the fact that there is no important consumer in the NRKB, the discharges of the springs in this basin form the base flow of the river. The evaluation of the annual volume of the base flow of Nekarood River shows that it is in good agreement with the annual discharge of the springs in the area. The water budget studies in NRKB indicate that the recharge volume is significantly higher compared to its discharge. In addition, the investigations show that there are no discharge zones in adjacent areas. Due to the existence of an important fault zone in this karst basin which extends towards the sea, most likely a significant part of the recharge water in this karst basin is discharged into the sea..https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_102238_d4d0e6b263b4d89b1b8c779bb9597a5e.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Petrography, mineral chemistry and geothermobarometry of monzogabbro-monzodiorite intrusions of N-NE Bafq: An approach to understanding of the Ediacaran-Cambrian intracontinental rift in the central part of Iran-336810271610.22059/geope.2025.393863.648816ENForooghZolalaPetrology and Economic Geology Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranMahmoodSadeghianPetrology and Economic Geology Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranMasoodAlipour-AsllPetrology and Economic Geology Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranLambriniPapadopoulouDepartment of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University,
GreeceZhaiMingguoInstitute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ChinaFoteiniAravaniDepartment of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University,
GreeceXiyanZhuInstitute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ChinaJournal Article20250421The study area is located in the N-NE Bafq and the central Iran structural zone. The Rizu-Desu volcano-sedimentary sequence is crosscut by bimodal (basic and felsic) intrusions and dikes, with compositions ranging from monzogabbro to leucogranite. In the monzogabbro-monzodiorite intrusions (540 to 520 Ma) of the investigated region, plagioclase (with a dominant albite-oligoclase composition), pyroxene (diopside and augite), Ca-Fe-Ti-rich amphiboles (magnesiohornblende, tschermakite, Kaersutite, and ferrokaersutite), and biotite (Fe-biotite and Mg-biotite, and also Ti-rich (0.38-1)) are the essential minerals. Apatite, monazite, magnetite, titanomagnetite, titanite (sphene), and zircon are also accessory minerals. Geothermobarometry investigations based on the mineral chemistry of pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite indicate the temperatures of cessation of exchange and final equilibrium of the minerals, mainly covering a temperature range of 1270 to 1140 °C (pyroxenes), 890-790 °C (amphiboles) and 780-745 °C (biotites) (in respectively) and the pressure mainly cover range of 12.33 to 0.5 kbar. Petrological features of the studied rocks are very similar to those of appinite rocks. The parental magmas of monzogabbro-monzodiorite intrusions have mostly an alkaline nature and originated from partial melting of the metasomatized mantle source in an intracontinental rift tectonic setting. The resulting magmas evolved by fractional crystallization, and possibly crustal contamination, then emplaced in the continental crust around the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary..https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_102716_d23308fb635c3ff48a77b903bf121e10.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Evaluation and Management of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Khorramabad River Basin, Iran, Using an Integrated Modeling Approach_698810290310.22059/geope.2025.393939.648817ENRoghayehAmiriFaculty of Geosciences , Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, IranSeyed YahyaMirzaeeFaculty of Geosciences , Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, IranManuchehrChitsazanFaculty of Geosciences , Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20250422Climate change is one of the most significant challenges for some arid and semi-arid regions, potentially limiting access to water resources in the future. Integrated water resource management in these areas could be a viable approach to adapt the impacts of climate change. This study examines the effects of climate change on the surface and groundwater resources of the Khorramabad River Basin using the MODFLOW and WEAP models. Initially, the current conditions of surface and groundwater resources were simulated monthly using the WEAP and MODFLOW models for the statistical period from October 2010 to September 2023. The two models were then linked, yielding values of NSE=0.87, RMSE=0.65, and R²=0.97, indicating the acceptable performance of the WEAP-MODFLOW model in simulating surface and groundwater. Subsequently, the status of surface and groundwater resources was projected for the future (2025–2060) under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. The results from these scenarios show a decline in annual average precipitation and an increase in minimum and maximum annual temperatures. According to the results of the integrated WEAP-MODFLOW model, the annual average river discharge, groundwater levels, and aquifer storage will decline under SSPs scenarios compared to the baseline period. Therefore, Climate change will hinder the availability of drinking and industrial water. Constructing the Makhmalkouh Dam could nearly fulfill the water demands for both drinking and industrial sectors across all three SSPs scenarios. This dam's construction would also mitigate groundwater level drawdown and increase aquifer storage relative to a scenario without the dam.https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_102903_6e733295c00f546af53e4ada6bb9f2f4.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Using SFA and GMPI methods for geochemical exploration of buried porphyry copper deposits, case study: Janja copper-gold deposit, SE Iran-8911310317810.22059/geope.2025.395854.648821ENMasoudEsmailzadehDepartment of mining engineering, , Urmia University, Urmia, IranAliImamalipourDepartment of mining engineering, , Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20250523The Janja Porphyry Copper Deposit, situated in the Zabol–Zahedan–Saravan structural zone of eastern Iran, is obscured by alluvial cover, posing significant exploration challenges. This study investigates the geochemical distribution of elements in surface cover to delineate anomaly patterns associated with concealed mineralization. A total of 153 stream sediment samples and 16,300 drill core samples from 74 boreholes (38 in overburden, 36 in exposed bedrock) were analyzed using ICP-MS and Fire Assay techniques. To mitigate the closure effect in compositional data, Centered Log-Ratio (CLR) transformation was applied, followed by Sequential Factor Analysis (SFA) to identify multi-element associations. The Geochemical Mineralization Prediction Index (GMPI) was utilized to map spatial anomalies accurately. Drilling results reveal elevated concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, and Zn in the semi-transitional overburden (enrichment indices up to five times Clarke values), while Cu and Au are enriched in exposed porphyritic diorite zones, with average copper concentrations of 1,211.53 ppm in overburden and 2,561.4 ppm in the hypogene zone. SFA on stream sediment data identified three elemental groups: lithogenic (Al, Fe, Mn), mineralization-related (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag), and broadly dispersed (Mo, As, S). Anomalous Ag, Mo, Cd, and S concentrations in overburden serve as key indicators for concealed deposits. This study offers an innovative multivariate geochemical approach to optimize exploration in covered terrains within global porphyry belts.https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_103178_01550ebf400a2eed5a79e3ccdede3a60.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Geometric model Construction of the main discontinuities using the Discrete Fracture Network method, A Case Study of the Pirtaghi dam site, Northern Iran-11512810356810.22059/geope.2025.394941.648820ENEhsanMotamed ShariatiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranGholam RezaLashkaripourDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranBehnamRahimiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranAlirezaBaghbananDepartment of Mining Engineering، Isfahan University of Technology، Isfahan، IranJournal Article20250509Accurate characterization and geometric modeling of rock mass discontinuity networks are fundamental for assessing the strength, mechanical, and hydraulic behavior of jointed rock masses, a critical aspect in geotechnical engineering. This is especially crucial for large infrastructure projects where discontinuities influence structural stability and potential seepage. At the Pirtaghi Dam site, a comprehensive understanding of the main discontinuity network is essential for stability evaluation and seepage path prediction,. This research constructed a 3D stochastic geometric model of the main fracture network using the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) method. Extensive geological mapping in the dam abutments collected field data on fracture location, orientation, trace length, and density. From this collected data, appropriate probability distribution functions (PDFs) for geometric parameters were determined. A 3D fracture network model was then simulated via the Monte Carlo method and a custom 3DEC code, effectively incorporating these derived PDFs. Goodness-of-fit tests revealed that the main joint sets at the Dam site consistently follow uniform (orientation), exponential-lognormal (spacing), and power (trace length) probability distributions. Quantified 3D density values (P32=1.5 to 2.3 m²/m³) and trace length exponent values (a = 2.3 to 2.5) were also obtained. This developed DFN model, with its quantitative geometric parameters, provides reliable, site-specific input for advanced numerical modeling, such as distinct element method simulations using 3DEC. This validated model significantly enhances the ability to comprehensively analyze and predict the complex hydraulic and mechanical behavior of the discontinuous rock mass at Pirtaghi Dam, offering a critical tool for informed engineering design and risk assessment.https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_103568_deaf536e71b695afba35fabb3c68be9f.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Thermal Effects on Microcracking and Physical Characteristics of Khoramdareh, Natanz, Nehbandan, and Taibad Granites-12915210356910.22059/geope.2025.390516.648809ENSaeedNejatiFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranMashalahKhamehchiyanFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranMohammad RezaNikudelFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250214This study explores the thermal behavior of four widely used Iranian granites - Khoramdareh,<br />Nehbandan, Natanz, and Taibad - under temperatures ranging from 20°C to 1050°C. The investigation<br />focused on the evolution of microcracks and their impact on key physical properties such as porosity,<br />water absorption, and P-wave velocity in both dry and saturated conditions. Using fluorescence<br />microscopy, linear microcrack density (LMD), microcracks type, and width were analyzed in detail. At<br />300°C, all granite samples showed an increase in inter-crystalline microcracks, leading to elevated<br />porosity and water absorption. At 600°C, the quartz phase transition at 573°C resulted in volumetric<br />expansion, causing a temporary decrease in porosity and an increase in P wave velocity. For example,<br />the dry P wave velocities at 600°C were 4.77 km/s for Taibad, 4.71 km/s for Khoramdareh, 3.84 km/s<br />for Natanz, and 5.12 km/s for Nehbandan. Above 750°C, trans-crystalline microcracks became<br />dominant, significantly increasing porosity and water absorption while reducing P wave velocity.<br />Nehbandan granite suffered structural failure at 600°C, whereas Natanz exhibited the highest LMD at<br />750°C, indicating severe internal damage. The study highlights the importance of microcracks evolution<br />and mineralogical transformations, particularly quartz phase transitions, in controlling granite's thermal<br />stability. Three critical thresholds (300°C, 600°C, and 750°C) were identified as turning points in the<br />deterioration process. Additionally, this research introduces a novel methodological approach,<br />combining fluorescence microscopy with physical testing to achieve detailed characterization of thermal<br />damage. By extending the temperature range up to 1050°C, the study provides valuable insights into<br />granite performance in fire-prone and heat-exposed environments.<br /><br />https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_103569_4e1cd693d8603ccdab8cf995c3359b7e.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Application of Full Waveform Inversion in passive seismic explorations: Some practical considerations_15317010392710.22059/geope.2025.396562.648828ENMohammadHazrati KashiInternational Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, IranMohammadTatarInternational Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, IranSiavashNorouziNational Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), Exploration Directorate, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250602Passive seismic tomography has proven to be a valuable alternative in areas where active seismic methods face significant challenges. In this study, we investigate the application of Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) – a modern, high-resolution tomographic technique – as a potential passive seismic approach for the Dehdasht embayment, Southwest, Iran. Prior to applying FWI to the real dataset from Dehdasht, we test a proposed multi-scale workflow on a synthetic model that closely resembles the study area. Through this workflow, we examine key factors affecting the FWI performance, including source and receiver configurations, presence of noise in data and inaccuracies in source location. Encouragingly, with a receiver spacing comparable to Dehdasht acquisition network and a sufficient number of sources – particularly in Vs model– we are able to reconstruct high-resolution subsurface features such as hydrocarbon trap, high-velocity bedrock and shallow syncline structure. Even with the addition of substantial level of random noise, the results demonstrate that our proposed workflow is robust and capable of producing clear subsurface tomographic image. However, simulations<br />incorporating erroneous source locations reveal that significant source misplacement can lead to divergence and instability in FWI process. As a result, before applying FWI to the real dataset of Dehdasht, special attention must be given to source relocation or accurate source modeling. At the end, we propose a hierarchical processing workflow to ensure the convergence toward a reliable high-resolution tomographic model of the Dehdasht embayment.https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_103927_ecb9f265219a4cde05ae761c1fc2c676.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603geodynamics and tectonic setting of volcanic rocks from Tineh to Reineh (Haraz road) in Iran_17119410425510.22059/geope.2025.395984.648823ENRaminMazandaraniDepartment of Earth Sciences, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSeyed JamalSheikh ZakariaeeDepartment of Earth Sciences, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSeyed MojtabaMortazaviDepartment of Mining Engineering, Sava.C., Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, IranMansurVosoughi AbediniDepartment of Geology, Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Tehran, IranAbdollahYazdiDepartment of Geology, Kah.C., Islamic Azad University, Kahnooj, IranJournal Article20250525Damavand Stratovolcano is the highest volcano (5610m) in Iran and the Middle East. This mountain, located approximately 50 km northeast of Tehran, is currently experiencing fumarole activity. On the Haraz road, the main volcanic rocks are olivine basalt, trachyandesite, and basalt trachyandesite with olivine, clinopyroxene (augite), phlogopite, apatite, iron oxides, amphibole (pargasite), and zircon minerals. The chondrite-normalized and primitive mantle-normalized multi-element spider diagrams reveal enrichment in LILEs and LREEs, along with depletion in HFSEs and HREEs (such as Ti and Nb). These geochemical signatures reflect characteristics of both subduction-related and ocean island basalt (OIB) environments, suggesting a deep mantle source for the lavas. It appears that the local rise of deep-mantle materials beneath the Alborz Mountains led to the eruption of intraplate Damavand lavas. Compressional stress applied to the Iranian plate after the closure of Neotethys was a possible cause of sub-continental lithosphere delamination, which led to mantle uplift. The eruption of intraplate Damavand lavas appears to be linked to the localized upwelling of deep mantle material beneath the Alborz Mountains. This mantle ascent may have been triggered by compressional forces on the Iranian plate following the closure of the Neotethys Ocean, potentially causing delamination of the sub-continental lithosphere. . .https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_104255_daa6504da4df2b2240f4d74d188c99ab.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-7817161202606032.5D Inversion of Airborne Time Domain Electromagnetic Data through Constrained Occam and Conjugate Gradient Method to Image a Polymetallic Deposit-19520910437210.22059/geope.2025.399987.648833ENAliJafarabadiSchool of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMaysamAbediSchool of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAliMoradzadehSchool of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250803Porphyry deposits are major sources of copper, molybdenum, and gold. Airborne time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys play a crucial role in identifying conductive sulfide mineralization, particularly in geologically complex environments. This study employs 2.5D inversion of airborne TDEM data to image the Bell polymetallic deposit in British Columbia, Canada, offering improved accuracy over 1D methods in resolving complex geological structures, while maintaining lower computational demands than full 3D modeling. The methodology employs constrained Occam inversion with conjugate gradient optimization implemented in the ArjunGUI software. Forward modeling was conducted using finite-element methods in the wavenumber domain to simulate subsurface conductivity, and the results were subsequently transformed into time-domain using Fourier techniques.The inversion minimizes data misfit and model roughness using Lagrange multipliers and parameter bounds. Geological constraints, such as fixed background resistivities, were incorporated to ensure model accuracy. Inversion of an airborne TDEM survey line across the Bell deposit produced a resistivity model that highlights significant low-resistivity anomalies at approximately 100 m depth. These anomalies are associated with phyllic alteration zones and inferred fault structures that facilitated fluid circulation. High-resistivity areas delineate potassic alteration zones, which align with prior geophysical data and confirm the model's reliability. The 2.5D inversion provided enhanced accuracy compared to 1D methods and greater efficiency than 3D modeling, thereby facilitating targeted exploration in porphyry systems. The main limitations include high noise in late-time channels and potential mesh distortions due to topography. These limitations suggest that improvements in mesh discretization are needed for for future applications. Overall, this technique demonstrates the potential of 2.5D TDEM<br />inversion as a practical and efficient approach for subsurface imaging and resource evaluation in polymetallic deposits.https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_104372_1fd66e3fe0d0a2624c82e0fc33569b78.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Source rock characterization of shale deposits (Eocene) of Kohat Basin,Pakistan-21122810480010.22059/geope.2025.401107.648839ENSherazHabibDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, PakistanMuhammadKashifDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, PakistanNomanKhanDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, PakistanArzishIthafDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, PakistanJianWangSchool of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, ChinaAkramAliDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, PakistanAdnanRabnawazCollege of Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of SargodhaJournal Article20250821Kohat Basin is a well-known petroliferous basin of Pakistan. Problem statements include limited data availability, understanding complex depositional environments, accurately measuring thermal maturity, and resolving the influence of drilling contaminants on geochemical parameters. The main objectives of the current study were to evaluate the source rock characteristics and geochemical properties of organic matter contained in Eocene shale deposits. These objectives were fulfilled by X-ray diffraction (XRD), total organic carbon content (TOC), Vitrinite Reflectance (RO), and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis analyses of shale samples collected from the Dharangi, Naripanos, and Karak sections of the Kohat Basin. XRD analysis shows that the Eocene shale of the Kohat Basin is rich in clay minerals, such as illite-smectite and kaolinite, with smaller amounts of quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar. Gypsum, halite, chlorite, and pyrite were present as minor constituents. The TOC values range from 1.60 wt. % to 2.90 wt. %, indicating a good to very good potential source rock. The Oxygen Index (OI), Hydrogen Index (HI), and T-max parameters from Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicate that the Eocene shale comprises type II and type II/III Kerogen, which can generate oil and gas-oil at appropriate temperatures. Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro) values ranged from 0.42 % to 1.28 %, indicating the immature to mature zone of thermal maturity. Overall, it has been evaluated that the Eocene shale of the Kohat basin has good potential for hydrocarbon generation, which can play a significant role in hydrocarbon prospectivity within the Kohat Basin.https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_104800_9fd7e74cc2ac0cdfc3706827e8213a8a.pdfUnivrsity of Tehran PressGeopersia2228-781716120260603Using mineral chemistry in thermobarometry and thermo-oxybarometry of Fe-Ti±P host mafic-ultramafic rocks in the XV deposit (Bafq area, Central Iran): Implications for Tectonic Setting and Nature of the Magma nature_22925110518810.22059/geope.2025.400343.648837ENSakineAmraeiDepartment of geology of ore minerals and groundwater resources, Shahid Beheshti University,
Tehran, IranMohammadYazdiDepartment of geology of ore minerals and groundwater resources, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranMehrdadBehzadiDepartment of geology of ore minerals and groundwater resources, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranMajidGhasemi SianiDepartment of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranLiangQiuState Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaHamedEbrahimi FardDepartment of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranChang-ZhiWuSchool of Earth Sciences and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an, ChinaMinghuaRenDepartment of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USAShahrokhRajabpourInstituto de Geología Económica Aplicada (GEA), Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160–C, Concepción, ChileJournal Article20250810The Fe–Ti ± P oxide mineralization hosted by the XV intrusion is located within the Bafq–Saqand metallogenic province in western Central Iran. This mineralization occurs in gabbroic and pyroxenitic rocks and appears in semi-massive, net-textured, and disseminated forms. According to the Ti + Cr + Na versus Al discrimination diagram, the analyzed pyroxenes are of igneous origin. Classification on the Q (Ca + Mg + Fe2+) versus J (2Na) diagram places them within the Ca–Fe–Mg pyroxene group (Quad). The average Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) × 100] values are 87.23 wt.% for gabbroic and 84.20 wt.% for pyroxenitic pyroxenes. CaO contents range from 13.30 to 23.00 wt.% in gabbroic samples and from 18.52 to 23.12 wt.% in pyroxenitic rocks. In the Ca + Na(B) (a.p.f.u) versus Na(B) (a.p.f.u) diagram, the studied amphiboles are classified as calcic. Thermobarometric calculations indicate that the gabbros crystallized at temperatures between 904–1230 °C under pressures of 8.0–10.3 kbar, whereas the pyroxenites formed under slightly lower thermal conditions (901–1180 °C) and pressures from 7.0 to 8.9 kbar. Coexisting titanomagnetite–ilmenite mineral pairs record cooling temperatures ranging from 448 °C to 727 °C, mainly within 554–645 °C, with oxygen fugacity (ƒO2) values from –17.28 to –23.96. The relatively high ƒO2 values suggest that the parental magma evolved under oxidizing conditions, likely associated with an extensional tectonic setting during emplacement, cooling, and fractional crystallization.https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_105188_90d91d36f72967dc11ddd010064f5913.pdf