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1 منشأ و دیاژنز گلسنگ های ژوراسیک میانی، حوضه رسوب کپه داغ، شمال شرق ایران Source and diagenesis of Middle Jurassic marine mudstones, Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56088.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56088 1 Middle Jurassic fluvio-deltaic and turbiditic mudstones of the Kashafrud Formation, are important hydrocarbon sources in the gas-rich Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeast Iran. Clay mineral assemblages are important for interpretation of sediment provenance and for understanding burial diagenetic cementation in sandstones. The clay mineral assemblages in mudrocks in two areas, Saleh-Abad and Senjedak, were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. A total of 28 bulk samples (14 each section) were analysed and from 11 of these samples the 0 گلسنگهای رودخانه ای-دلتایی سازند کشف رود، ژوراسیک میانی، منشأ مهم مواد هیدروکربوری در حوضه کپه داغ شمال شرق ایران محسوب می گردند. تجمع کانیهای رسی در تفسیر منشأ و سیمانی شدن ماسه سنگها طی دیاژنز دفنی اهمیت دارند. کانیهای رسی موجود در گلسنگها در دو منطقه صالح آباد و سنجدک توسط آزمایش تفرق اشع ایکس مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته اند. 28 نمونه بصورت توده ای (از هر برش 14 نمونه)، و 11 نمونه با اندازه کمتر از دو میکرون، بطور مجزا آزمایش شده اند. کانیهای شناسایی شده بطور عمده شامل کائولن، ایلیت، موسکویت، کلریت، لایه های مخلوط شده ایلیت-کلریت، و بطور نادر اسمکتیت است. بخشی از کانیهای رسی حمل شده و بخشی در طی دیاژنز دفنی حاصل شده اند. موسکویت حمل شده در بخشهای بالاتر برش ها فراوانی بیشتری دارند، اما اسمکتیت حمل شده نادر است. نبود لایه های مخلوط ایلیت-اسمکتیت نیز دلالت بر این دارد که اسمکتیت حاصل ایلیت شدن نمی باشد. همچنین انعکاس درخشندگی نیز حاکی از عمق 2-3 کیلومتر است، اما وجود کلریت و لایه های مخلوط ایلیت-کلریت حاصل از دیاژنز دلالت بر عمق تدفین بیشتری دارد. بالاآمدگی سریع سنگ کف گرانیت و سنگهای با دگرگونی درجه پایین منشأ کانیهای موسکویت و کلریت محسوب می گردند. 93 109 مهدی رضا پورسلطانی Mehdi Reza Poursoltani Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iarn Iran mrpoursoltani@gmail.com - - Georgia Pe-Piper Department of Geology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3 Iran gpiper@smu.ca burial diagenesis Clay minerals Middle Jurassic Kopet-Dagh basin Iran Aagaard, P., Jahren, J., Harstad, A.O., Nilsen, O., Ramm, M., 2000. Formation of grain coating chlorite in sandstones; laboratory synthesized vs. natural occurrences. Clay Minerals. 35: 261-269.##Abid, I., Hesse, R., 2007. Illitizing fluids as precursors of hydrocarbon migration along transfer and boundary faults of the Jeanne d’Arc Basin offshore Newfoundland, Canada. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 24; 237-245.##Afshar-Harb, A., 1979. The Stratigraphy, Tectonics and Petroleum Geology of the Kopet Dagh Region, Northern Iran, Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, London, England, 316 pp.##Aghanabati, A., 2004. Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran Publication, 586 pp. (in Persian).##Aoyagi, K., Kazama, T., 1980. Transformational changes of clay minerals, zeolites and silica minerals during diagenesis. Sedimentology. 27: 179-188.##Brindley, G.W., Brown, G., 1980. Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification. Mineralogical Society, London, 495 pp.##Brookfield, M.E., Hashmat, A., 2001. The geology and petroleum potential of the Norte Afghan platform and adjacent areas (northern Afghanistan, with parts of southern Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikestan). Earth-Science Reviews. 55: 41-71##Chamley, H., 1989. Clay Sedimentology. Springer, Berlin. 623 pp.##Corcoran, D.V., Clayton, G., 2001. Interpretation of vitrinite reflectance profiles in sedimentary basins, onshore and offshore Ireland. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 188: 61-90.##Eftekhar-Nejad, J., Alavi-Naini, M., Behrouzi, A., 1993. Geological map of Torbate- Jam, scale 1: 250,000 (one sheet), Geological Survey of Iran.##El Albani, A., Cloutier, R., Candilier, A.M., 2002. Early diagenesis of the Upper Devonian Escuminac Formation in the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec: sedimentological and geochemical evidence. Sedimentary Geology. 146: 209-223.##Ghaemi, F., 2004. Geological map of Agh-Darband, scale 1: 100,000 (one sheet), Geological Survey of Iran.##Golonka, J., 2004. Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Tectonophysics. 381: 235-273.##Hendry, J.P., Wilkinson, M., Fallick, A.E., Trewin, N.H., 2000. Dissiminated ‘jigsaw-piece’ dolomite in Upper Jurassic shelf sandstones, Central North Sea: an example of cement growth during bioturbation?, Sedimentology. 47: 631-644.##Heroux, Y., Chagnon, A., Bertrand, R., 1979. Compilation and correlation of major thermal maturation indicators, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin. 63: 2128-2144.##Karamati, M., Tavallai, M., Angaji, M., Memariani, M., 2000. Hydrocarbon potential and migration system of Kashafroud Formation, in Kopet Dagh sedimentary basin, NE Iran. 16th World Petroleum Congress, 11-15 June, Calgary, Canada. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/WPC-30121##Karim, A., Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., 2010. Controls on diagenesis of Lower Cretaceous reservoir sandstones in the western Sable Subbasin, offshore Nova Scotia. Sedimentary Geology. 224: 65-83.##Kavoosi, M.A., Lasemi, Y., Sherkati, S., Moussavi-Harami, R., 2009. Facies analysis and depositional sequences of the Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation, a carbonate reservoir in the Kopet Dagh Basin, NE Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology. 32: 235-260.##Lasemi, Y., 1995. Platform carbonates of the Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation in the Kopet Dagh Basin, NE Iran-facies paleoenvironments and sequences. Sedimentary Geology. 99: 151-164.##Lyberis, N., Manby, G., 1999. Oblique to orthogonal convergence across the Turan Block in the post-Miocene. American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin. 83: 1135-1160.##Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Carpenter, S.J., Aghaei, A., Collins, L.B., 2010. Petrographical and geochemical evidences for paragenetic sequence interpretation of diagenesis in mixed siliciclastic–carbonate sediments: Mozduran Formation (Upper Jurassic), south of Agh-Darband, NE Iran. Carbonates Evaporites. 25: 231-246.##Madani, M., 1977. A study of the sedimentology, stratigraphy and regional geology of the Jurassic rocks of eastern Kopet Dagh (NE Iran), Ph.D. thesis, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, England, 246 pp.##Moore, D.M., Reynolds, Jr, R.C., 1997. X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, New York. 378 pp.##Morad, S., Bergan, M., Knarud, R., Nystueu, J.P., 1990. Albitization of detrital plagioclase in Triassic reservoir sandstone from the Snorre Field, Norwegian North Sea. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 60: 411-425.##Moussavi-Harami, R., Brenner, R.L., 1992. Geohistory analysis and petroleum reservoir characteristics of Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) sandstones, eastern Kopet Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin. 76: 1200-1208.##Mukhopadhyay, P.K., 1992. Maturation of organic matter as revealed by microscopic methods: applications and limitations of vitrinite reflectance, and continuous spectral and pulsed laser fluorescence spectroscopy. In: Wolf KH, Chilingarian GV, (Eds.), Diagenesis, III. Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, New York. 47: 435-510.##Poursoltani, M.R., Moussavi-Harami, R., Gibling, M.R., 2007a. Jurassic deep-water fans in the Neo-Tethys Ocean: The Kashafrud Formation of the Kopet-Dagh Basin, Iran. Sedimentary Geology. 198: 53-74.##Poursoltani, M.R., Moussavi-Harami, R., Lasemi, Y., 2007b. Environmental interpretation of Kashafrud Formation (Upper Bajocian-Lower Bathonian) based on ichnofossils, NE Iran. Geosciences. 65: 170-185. (in Persian, abstract in English).##Poursoltani, M.R., Gibling, M.R., 2011. Composition, porosity and reservoir potential of the Middle Jurassic Kashafrud Formation northeast Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 28: 1094-1110.##Poursoltani, M.R., Kargar, M., 2012. Analysis of Middle Jurassic coarse grain deposits, in the East of Kopet-Dagh Basin, Iran. Sedimentary Facies. 4: 135-150 (in Persian, abstract in English).##Ryan, P. C., Hillier, S., 2002. Berthierine/chamosite, corrensite, and discrete chlorite from evolved verdine and evaporite-associated facies in the Jurassic Sundance Formation, Wyoming: American Mineralogist, 87: 1607–1615.##Sachsenhofer, R.F., Rantitsch, G., Hasenhüttl, C., Russegger, B., Jelen, B., 1998. Smectite to illite diagenesis in early Miocene sediments from the hyperthermal western Pannonian Basin. Clay Minerals. 33: 523-537.##Taheri, J., Fursich, F.T., Wilmsen, M., 2009. Stratigraphy, depositional environments and geodynamic significance of the Upper Bajocian-Bathonian Kashafrud Formation, NE Iran, in: Brunet, M.-F., Wilmsen, M., Granath, J.W. (Eds.), South Caspian to Central Iran Basins, London, UK, Geological Society Special Publication. 312: 205-218.##Thomas, J.C., Cobbold, P.R., Shein, V.S., Le Douaran, S., 1999a. 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1 کاربرد شبکه عصبی برای پیش بینی رخساره های سنگی سازند کربناته بر پایه داده های چاه نگاری، میدان نفتی مارون، جنوب غرب ایران. Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of carbonate lithofacies, based on well log data, Sarvak Formation, Marun oil field, SW Iran https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56089.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56089 1 Lithofacies identification can provide qualitative information about rocks. It can also explain rock textures which are importantcomponents for hydrocarbon reservoir description Sarvak Formation is an important reservoir which is being studied in the Marun oilfield, in the Dezful embayment (Zagros basin). This study establishes quantitative relationships between digital well logs data androutine petrographic data, obtained from thin sections description. Attempts were made to predict lithofacies in 13 wells, all drilled inthe Marun oil field. Seven well logs, namely, Gamma Ray (SGR and CGR), Deep Resistivity (RD), Formation Density (RHOB),Neutron Porosity (PHIN), Sonic log (DT), and photoelectric factor (PEF) as input data and thin section/core-derived lithofacies wereused as target data in the ANN (artificial neural network) to predict lithofacies. The results show a strong correlation between the givendata and those obtained from ANN (R²= 95%). The performance of the model has been measured by the Mean Squared Error functionwhich doesn't exceed 0.303. Hence, neural network techniques are recommended for those reservoirs in which facies geometry anddistribution are key factors controlling the heterogeneity and distribution of rock properties. Undoubtedly, this approach can reduceuncertainty and save plenty of time and cost for the oil industry. 0 - 111 123 حسن محسنی Hassan Mohseni Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Iran mohseni@basu.ac.ir موسی اسفندیاری Moosa Esfandyari Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Iran moosaesfandyari@gmail.com الهام حبیبی اصل Elham Habibi Asl Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Iran elhamhabibi16@yahoo.com Sarvak Formation Artificial Neural Networks Reservoir Characterization Lithofacies Zagros basin Alavi, M., 2004. Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American##Journal of Science. 304: 1–20.##Aminian, K., Ameri, S., 2005. Application of artificial neural networks for reservoir characterization with limited data.##Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 49: 212- 222.##Beiranvand, B., Ahmadi, A., Sharafodin, M., 2007.Mapping and classifying flow units in the upper part of the mid-##Cretaceous Sarvak formation (western Dezful Embayment, SW Iran) based on a determination of reservoir types. Journal##of Petroleum Geology. 30: 357–373.##Bohling, G.C., Dubois, M.K., 2003. An integrated application of neural network and Markov chain techniques to##prediction of lithofacies from well logs. Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report: 50, 6 pp##Bordenave, M.L., 2002. Gas prospective areas in the Zagros domain of Iran and in the Gulf Iranian Waters. AAPG Annual##Meeting, March 10-13, Houston, Texas.##Bordenave, M.L., 2002. Gas prospective areas in the Zagros domain of Iran and in the Gulf Iranian Waters. AAPG Annual##Meeting, March 10-13, Houston, Texas.##Cacini, G., Gillespie, P.A., Verges, J., Romaire, I., Fernndez, N., Casciello, E., Saura, E., Mehl, C., Homke, S., Embry, J.##C., Aghajari, L., Hunt, D. W., 2011. Sub-seismic fractures in foreland fold and thrust belts: insight from the Lurestan##Province, Zagros Mountains, Iran. Petroleum Geoscience. 17(3): 263-282.##Dunham, R.J. 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham, W.E. (Ed.),##Classification of Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 1. American Association of##Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 108-121 pp.##Asadi Mehmandosti, E., Adabi, M. H., Woods, A. D., 2013. Microfacies and geochemistry of the Middle Cretaceous##Sarvak Formation in Zagros Basin, Izeh Zone, SW Iran, Sedimentary Geology, 293L 9-20.##El-Sebakhy, E. A., Asparouhov, O., Abdulraheem, A. A., Al-Majed, A. 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1 فرامینیفر های پلانکتونیک کرتاسه زیرین در حنوب ایران: نفوذ حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی بر حاشیه شمال شرقی تتیس Planktonic Foraminifera of the Dariyan formation and implications of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56090.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56090 1 The investigated section cropping out in Kuh-e-Banesh, Zagros basin (southern Iran) is represented by limestone, Cherty beds and marllevels bearing abundant Planktonic foraminifers, radiolarian microfaunas, and ammonite imprints. For the first time, well to moderatelypreserved forms of Planktonic foraminifera have been extracted from black shale and marls levels. Extracted biota was studied withregard to relationship with abundances of radiolarian and total organic carbon. Rock Eval analysis shows high total organic carboncontent within Daryian Formation (lower part). The presence of high abundances of planktonic foraminifers and radiolarian associatedwith high total organic carbon content in the lower part of the Dariyan Formation suggest a high productivity event, eutrophication,and warming phenomena of the ocean during early Cretaceous. Biostratigraphical ranges of planktonic foraminifera in the studiedsection indicate Early Aptian to early Late Aptian age. It is, therefore, implicated that the oceanic anoxic event 1a (OAE 1a) interval beregarded as equivalent levels in Tethys domains. The black shale of oceanic anoxic event is characterized by the widespread existenceof regionally organic-rich beds in the Tethys basins. Micro-paleontological and geochemical results provide new insights into thepaleogeography of the Tethys realm and better correlation with well-studied worldwide successions. 0 مقطع مورد مطالعه در جنوب ایران، کوه بانش رخنمون دارد و شامل آهک، مارن و لایه چرتی همراه با فرامینیفر های پلانکتونیک، رادیولاریا و آمونیت می باشد. برای اولین بار به صورت سیستماتیک فرمهای آزاد فرامیینفرهای پلانکتونیک از شیل های تیره و مارن ها ی داریان زیرین استخراج و مطالعه گردید. بیو استراتیگرافی فرامینیفرهای پلانکتونیک در مقطع مورد مطالعه سن آپسین زیرین- ابتدای آپسین بالایی را نشان می دهد. این زمان معادل زمانی حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی در حوضه های تتیس است .حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی بطور گسترده ای با مواد آلی بالا مشخص می گردد. نتایج آنالیزهای ژئوشیمیایی در ناحیه مورد مطالعه در بخش زیرین سازند داریان کربن آلی بالایی را نشان میدهد. فراوانی فرامینیفر های پلانکتونیک، رادیولر ها و کربن آلی بالا در بخش داریان زیرین بیانگرمواد غذایی بالا و گرم شدگی اقیانوسی در زمان کرتاسه زیرین است. با توحه به سن توالی مورد مطالعه، کربن آلی بالا و فراوانی فرامینیفرهای پلانکتونیک در شیل های تیره بیانگر حادثه بی هوازی اقیانوسی در ناحیه است . نتایج فسیل شناسی و ژئوشیمیایی ناحیه موردمطالعه یک دیدگاه جدیدی را برای پالئوژئوگرافی حوضه تتیس و توالی های جهانی مطالعه شده فراهم می کند. 125 137 مظاهر یاوری Mazaher Yavari Exploration Directorate of the National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran Iran mzy_yavari@yahoo.com مهدی یزدی Mehdi Yazdi Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Iran Iran meh.yazdi@gmail.com هرمز قلاوند Hormoz Gahalavand Exploration Directorate of the National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran Iran gahalavand.h.nioc@gmail.com محمد حسین آدابی Mohammad Hossein Adabi Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Iran m-adabi@sb.ac.ir Aptian Dariyan Formation Iran Planktonic Foraminifera Total Organic Carbon Arthur, M.A., Jenkeys, H.C., Brumsack, H.j., Schlanger, S.O., 1990.Stratigraphy geochemistry and paleoceanography of##organic-carbon rich Cretaceous squences. 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1 تحلیل سیستماتیک شگستگی های میدان مارون با استفاده از نمودارهای تصویرگر و روش های تکمیلی Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary methods in the Marun Oilfield, SW Iran https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56091.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56091 1 Fractures are considered as one of the important structures in fractured reservoirs due to their effect on fluid currents and reservoirparameters such as porosity and permeability. Fracture parameters can only be directly calculated with core and image logs. Cores haveserious limitations, so image logs are the best method. The aim of this study is the systematic fractures analysis of the AsmariFormation in the Marun field as one of the giant oilfields in world. The main objectives of image logs were evaluating structural dip,characterizing natural fractures and field structure heterogeneity, and finally correlating the results with complimentary methods suchas Velocity Deviation Log (VDL), Repeat Formation Test (RFT), mud lost data, and isodip map in the carbonate Asmari Formation.Generally, electric and ultrasonic imaging tools record vast amounts of high-resolution data. This enables geoscientists to describe indetail the structural fracture networks. The results indicate that the highest fracture density is in the zones 1, 20, and 30 of the Asmarireservoir that show high correlation with VDL and mud lost data. Image logs also show a range of bedding dips from 20˚ in thenorthern limb to 30˚ in the southern limb with strikes ranging from 10˚ to 270˚N. Regarding the general pattern of fractures, it isevident that they are related to the folding and are classified mainly as longitudinal, transverse, and oblique. The longitudinal pattern isdominant and often forms open fractures. They are characterized by N50W-S50E and mainly observed in the upper Asmari zones.Moreover, to find the vertical relation of the layer and fractures, RFT data were used. The findings revealed the presence of a verticalrelation in the upper horizons of the reservoir, especially in the eastern section due to the high fracture density. 0 شکستگی ها به دلیل تاثیر بر پارامترهای مخزنی مانند تخلخل و تراوایی، یکی از مهمترین پارامترها در مخازن شکسته هستند. شکستگی‌ها تنها با استفاده از مغزه و نمودارهای تصویرگر به صورت مستقیم مطالعه می‌شوند. به دلیل محدودیت‌های استفاده ازمغزه، نمودارهای تصویرگر بهترین ابزارها می‌باشند. هدف این مقاله بررسی سیستماتیک شکستگی‌های مخزن آسماری میدان نفتی مارون به عنوان یکی از بزرگترین مخازن نفتی جهان است. در این مطالعه، از نمودارهای تصویرگر برای تفسیر شکستگی‌ها و هتروژنی مخزن استفاده شد و در نهایت نتایج حاصل با سایر روش‌های تکمیلی مانند نمودار انحراف سرعت، لایه آزمایی مکرر چاه، هرزروی گل و نقشه‌های هم‌شیب مقایسه شدند. به طور کلی نمودارهای تصویرگر حجم زیادی از اطلاعات با قدرت تفکیک بالا را ذخیره می‌کنند که این مهم به مفسران کمک شایانی می‌کند. نتایج این تحقیق تمرکز بالای شکستگی‌ها را در زون‌های 1، 20 و 30 نشان می‌دهد که انطباق بالایی با نتایج نمودار انحراف سرعت و هرزروی گل حفاری دارد. نمودارهای تصویرگر میانگین شیب لایه‌بندی را از 20 درجه در یال شمالی تا 30 درجه در یال جنوبی با امتداد 270 درجه از شمال نشان می‌دهد. به طور کلی شکستگی‌های این میدان از نوع مرتبط با چین می‌باشند که به سه دسته طولی، عرضی و مورب تقسیم می‌شوند که نوع طولی غالب، و بیشتر شکستگی‌های باز را شامل می‌شود. در این مطالعه، داده‌های چاه آزمایی مکرر برای بررسی ارتباط بین لایه‌ها و شکستگی‌ها استفاده شدند. نتایج حاصله بیشترین ارتباط بین لایه‌ها را را در قسمت شرقی میدان نشان می‌دهد که دلیل آن تمرکز بالای شکستگی‌ها در این قسمت میدان است. 139 150 ایمان زحمت کش Iman Zahmatkesh Department Geology, Chamran, University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran zahmatkesh139@gmail.com قاسم عقلی Ghasem Aghli Department Geology, Chamran, University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran petroleum_api@yahoo.com روح انگیز محمدیان Ruhangiz Mohammadian National South Iranian Oil Company (NISOC), Studies office, Ahvaz, Iran Iran petroleumapi@gmail.com Asmari Reservoir Complimentary Methods Fracture Analysis Image logs Marun Oilfield Aghli, G., 2013. 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1 عنوان Investigating the effects of water transfer from Karkheh Dam on the physico-chemical properties of soil in Dasht-e Abbas plain, Ilam https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56092.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56092 1 This research investigates the changes of soil properties in Dasht-e Abbas plain due to the Karkheh water transfer to this plain. In thisstudy, the maps of groundwater level changes before and after the utilization of irrigation system were prepared. Furthermore, toinvestigate the changes of soil characteristics, soil samples were collected from various project implantations and control areas andtheir parameters were determined and compared. The results showed that the groundwater level has been increased more than 15meters during the study period and the depth of groundwater in some areas reached to less than 5 meters. The results indicated that thehighest salinity belonged to the network coverage areas and evaporating zone having a saturation extract electrical conductivity of10.62 and 9.26 ds/m respectively, while dry land areas have the lowest salinity with electrical conductivity of 0.8- 4.0 ds/m. The resultsfurther demonstrated that the water transfer of Karkheh Dam to Dasht-e Abbas due to the absence of drainage in 3 and 4 sub-networks,high volume of agricultural return water from flood irrigation, and inadequate development of groundwater exploitation has reducedthe quality of soil in marsh area and flooding lands, and generally a "desertification" process after "combat to desertification" hasoccurred 0 چکیده 151 160 - - Elham Karami M.Sc. of combat to desertification, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Iran elham_k88@yahoo.com حاجی کریمی Haji Karimi Agriculture Faculty, Ilam University Iran haji.karimi@gmail.com - - Mohsen Tavakoli Staff member of Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Iran mohtavakoli2003@yahoo.com - - Gholamreza Banparvari Ilam Water Organizations Iran banparvari1343@yahoo.com Dasht-e Abbas Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil Water Level Change Water Transfer Abbasi, H., 2001. Investigating the most significant limitations of Dag in Kerman province from agrology perspective.##Journal of Range and Desert Research, No. 4, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. 268.##Abbasi, H., Darwish, M., 2001. Role of soil salinity and water quality in intensifying the desertification process of Mand##watershed, Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, Volume 11, Issue .2: 163-178.##Ardekani, M.,Rezvani, M.,Zfryan, P., 2007. Experimental methods in plant ecology, first edition, Tehran: Tehran##University (In Persian).##Barzgar, A., 2000. Saline and sodic soils: Recognition and Productivity, First Edition, Ahvaz Shahid Chamran University##Press (In Persian).##Ehteshami, M., Ashktorab, C., Siyahi, M., 1999. Concepts of drainage and soil and water salinity, first edition, Iranian##National Committee of Irrigation and Drainage.##FAO Organization, 1973. Irrigation, Drainage and salinity, an international source book. FAO/UNESCO, London, 510pp.##Han, D., Song , X.,Currell, M.J., Cao, G., Zhang, Y., Kang, Y., 2011. A survey of groundwater levels and##hydrogeochemistry in irrigated fields in the Karamay Agricultural Development Area, northwest China: Implications for##soil and groundwater salinity resulting from surface water transfer for irrigation, Journal of Hydrology, 405( 3–4): 217–##Ibrakhimov , M., Martius, C., Lamers, J.P.A., Tischbein, B., 2011. The dynamics of groundwater table and salinity over##17 years in Khorezm, Agricultural Water Management. 101 (1): 52–61.##Karami, E.,2013. Effect of water transfer from Karkhe Dam on desertification of Dashte-Abbas, Dehloran Township, Ilam##province, Master's thesis, Ilam University. Iran,##Ilam Office of Regional Water Company, 2007. Statistics of groundwater and surface water resources.##Singh, A., Krause, P., Panda, S.N., Flugel, W., 2010. Rising water table: A threat to sustainable agriculture in an irrigated##semi-arid region of Haryana, India, Agricultural Water Management. 97 (10): 1443–1451##Szabolcs, I., 1995. Global overview of sustainable management of salt-affected soils, Proceedings of the international##workshop on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt affected soils. Manila, Philippine.##Tickell, S.J., 1997. Mapping dry land salinity hazard, Northern Territory, Australia. Hydrogeology Journal. 5:109-117.##Valenza, A., Grillot, J.C., Dazy, J., 2010. Influence of groundwater on the degradation of irrigation soils in a semi-arid##region, the inner delta of the Niger River, Mali. Hydrogeology Journal, 8(4): 417-429.##

1 کاربرد نانو ذرات آهن صفر ظرفیتی برای بهبود پارامترهای مقاومت برشی خاک رس آلوده به گازوئیل Use of nanoscale zero-valent iron to improve the shear strength parameters of gas oil contaminated clay https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56093.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56093 1 In recent years, the nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles have been used successfully for the degradation of hydrocarboncompounds and remediation of other pollutants. Nevertheless, as far as we know, there is no specific study on the improvement of thegeotechnical properties of contaminated soils with hydrocarbon compounds by NZVI. This study used NZVI particles to remove gasoil in a clayey soil and determined the effects of NZVI on Atterberg limits, compaction properties, and shear strength parameters of thesoil. In order to determine the optimal reaction time and NZVI dosage, the total organic carbon (TOC) of a contaminated soil with 9%of gas oil was measured. The experimental data showed that the optimum reaction time and NZVI dosage were 24 days and 5%,respectively. Then, the contaminated samples were prepared by mixing the soil with gas oil in the amount of 0, 3, 6, and 9% by dryweight. The results showed a decrease in the friction angle (φ) and an increase in the cohesion (C). Maximum dry density and optimummoisture content of the soil decreased due to the contamination. In addition, an increase in liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) wereobserved. Finally, all contaminated specimens were mixed with 5% of NZVI. After 24 days, an increase was seen in the friction angle,cohesion, maximum dry density, and optimum water content. LL and PL of the soil decreased after the treatment 0 در سالهای اخیر نانوذرات آهن صفر ظرفیتی کاربرد های زیادی در تجزیه ترکیبات هیدروکربنی و پالایش سایر آلاینده ها داشته اند. اما تا کنون پژوهش مشخصی در مورد کاربرد آنها برای بهسازی خاک انجام نشده است. در این تحقیق از این نانو ذرات برای حذف گازوئیل از یک خاک رس آلوده استفاده شده و اثرات آن برحدوداتربرگ، تراکم و پارامترهای مقاومت برشی خاک بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان دهنده افزایش زاویه اصطکاک داخلی، چسبندگی، حداکثر دانسیته خشک و رطوبت بهینه خاک آلوده پس از اختلاط با نانو ذرات آهن می باشد. علاوه بر این، حد روانی و حد خمیری خاک کاهش یافته است. 161 175 - - Sayed Alireza Nasehi Engineering Geology Division, Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran s.nasehi@modares.ac.ir - - Ali Uromeihy Engineering Geology Division, Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran Iran uromeiea@modares.ac.ir - - Ali Morsali Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran Iran morsali_a@modares.ac.ir - - Mohammad Reza Nikudel Engineering Geology Division, Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Iran nikudelm@yahoo.com clay Contamination Gas Oil Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron NZVI Shear Strength Parameters Al-Sanad, H.A., Eid, W.K., Ismael, N.F., 1995. Geotechnical properties of oil-contaminated Kuwaiti sand. Journal of##Geotechnical Engineering, 121: 407–412.##ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 1999. Annual book of ASTM standards. Section 4, Construction,##Soil and Rock, volume 4.08, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.##Bhatt, I., Tripathi, B.N., 2011. Interaction of engineered nanoparticles with various components of the environment and##possible strategies for their assessment. Chemosphere, 82: 308-317.##Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., Teller, E., 1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. Journal of the American##Chemical Society, 60: 309–319.##Carter, D.L., Heilman, M.D., Gonzalez, C.L., 1965. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether for determining surface area of##silicate minerals. Soil Science, 100: 356-360.##Chang, M.C., Shu, H.Y., Hsieh, W.P., Wang, M.C., 2005. Using nanoscale zero-valent iron for the remediation of##polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated soil. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 55: 1200-##Craig, R.F., 1990. Soil Mechanics. 4th edition, Chapman and Hall, 410pp.Das, B.M., 1994. Principle of Geotechnical Engineering. 3rd edition, PWS Publishing Company, 436pp.##Gillham, R.W., OʼHannesin, S.F., 1994. Enhanced degradation of halogenated aliphatics by zero-valent iron.##Groundwater, 32: 958-967.##Joo, S.H., Feitz, A.J., Sedlak, D.L., Waite, T.D., 2005. Quantification of the oxidizing capacity of nanoparticulate zerovalent##iron. Environmental Science and Technology, 39: 1263-1268.##Kermani, M., Ebadi, T., 2012. The effect of oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils. Soil##and Sediment Contamination, 21: 655–671.##Khamehchiyan, M., Charkhabi, A.H., Tajik, M., 2007. Effect of crude oil contamination on geotechnical properties of##clayey and sandy soils. Engineering Geology, 89: 220–229.##Khosravi, E., Ghasemzadeh, H., Sabour, M.R., Yazdani, H., 2013. Geotechnical properties of gas oil-contaminated##kaolinite. Engineering Geology, 166: 11–16.##Lambe, T.W., 1958. The engineering behavior of compacted clay. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation##Division, ASCE, 84: 1–35.##Lee, J., Kim, J., Choi, W., 2007. Oxidation on zerovalent iron promoted by polyoxometalate as an electron shuttle.##Environmental Science and Technology, 41: 3335-3340.##Li, A.Q., Elliott, D.W., Zhang, W.X., 2006. Zero-valent iron nanoparticles for abatement of environmental pollutants:##materials and engineering aspects. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 31: 111-122.##Lien, H.L., Zhang, W.X., 1999. Dechlorination of chlorinated methanes in aqueous solution using nanoscale bimetallic##particles. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 125: 1042-1047.##Matheson, L.J., Tratnyek, P.G., 1994. Reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated methanes by iron metal. Environmental##Science and Technology, 28: 2045-2053.##Meegoda, J.N., Chen, B., Gunasekera, S.D., Pederson, P., 1998. Compaction characteristics of contaminated soils-reuse##as a road base material. In: Vipulanandan, C., Elton, David J. (Eds.), Recycled Materials in Geotechnical Applications.##Geotechnical Special Publication, ASCE, 79: 165–209.##Nowack, B., Bucheli, T.D., 2007. Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Environmental##Pollution, 150: 5-22.##Olgun, M., Yildiz, M., 2010. Effect of organic fluids on the geotechnical behavior of a highly plastic clayey soil. Applied##Clay Science, 48: 615–621.##Pierce, J.W., Siegel, F.R., 1969. Quantification in clay mineral studies of sediments and sedimentary rock. Journal of##Sedimentary Petrology, 39: 187-193.##Rahman, Z.A., Hamzah, U., Taha, M.R., Ithnain, N.S., Ahmad, N., 2010. Influence of oil contamination on geotechnical##properties of basaltic residual soil. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 7: 954–961.##Shah, S.J., Patel, A.V., Tiwari, K.C., Ramakrishnan, D., 2003. Stabilization of fuel oil contaminated soil - A case study.##Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 21: 415-427.##Shimizu, A., Tokumura, M., Nakajima, K., Kawase, Y., 2012. Phenol removal using zero-valent iron powder in the##presence of dissolved oxygen: roles of decomposition by the fenton reaction and adsorption/precipitation. Journal of##Hazardous Materials, 201: 60-67.##Song, H., Carraway, E.R., 2005. Reduction of chlorinated ethanes by nanosized zero-valent iron: kinetics, pathways, and##effects of reaction conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 39: 6237-6245.##Sridharan, A., Rao, G.V., 1979. Shear strength behavior of saturated clays and the role of the effective stress concept.##Geotechnique, 29: 177–193##Tratnyek, P.G., Johnson, R.L., 2006. Nanotechnology for environmental cleanup. Nanotoday, 1: 44-48.##Varanasi, P., Fullana, A., Sidhu, S., 2007. 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1 پیش بینی مقاومت کششی ماسه سنگها از خصوصیات سنگ شناسی با استفاده از آنالیز رگرسیون و شبکه عصبی مصنوعی The Prediction of the Tensile Strength of Sandstones from their petrographical properties using regression analysis and artificial neural network https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56094.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56094 1 This study investigates the correlations among the tensile strength, mineral composition, and textural features of twenty-ninesandstones from Kouzestan province. The regression analyses as well as artificial neural network (ANN) are also applied to evaluatethe correlations. The results of simple regression analyses show no correlation between mineralogical features and tensile strength.However, the tensile strength of the sandstone was decreased by cement content reduction. Among the textural features, the packingproximity, packing density, and floating contact as well as sutured contact are the most effective indices. Meanwhile, the stepwiseregression analyses reveal that the tensile strength of the sandstones strongly depends on packing density, sutured contact, and cementcontent. However, in artificial neural network, the key petrographical parameters influencing the tensile strength of the sandstones arepacking proximity, packing density, sutured contact and floating contact, concave-convex contact, grain contact percentage, andcement content. Also, the R-square obtained ANN is higher than that observed for the stepwise regression analyses. Based on theresults, ANN were more precise than the conventional statistical approaches for predicting the tensile strength of these sandstones fromtheir petrographical characteristics. 0 - 177 187 محمدحسین قبادی Mohammad Hossein Ghobadi Geology Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Iran amirghobadi@yahoo.com ساجدین موسوی Sajeddin Mousavi Geology Department, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran sajed_ms@yahoo.com مجتبی حیدری Mojtaba Heidari Geology Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Iran heidari_enggeol@yahoo.com بهروز رفیعی Behrouz Rafie Geology Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Iran behrouzrafie@yahoo.com Artificial Neural Network Petrographical Features regression analysis Sandstone Tensile Strength Bell, F.G., Culshaw, M.G., 1978. Petrographic and engineering properties of sandstones from the Sneinton Formation,##Nottinghamshire, England. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology. 31: 5–21.##Bell, F.G., Lindsay, P., 1999. 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1 ژئوشیمی و منشاء عناصر در معادن زغالسنگ تریاس فوقانی اولنگ، شمال شرق ایران Geochemistry and origin of elements of Upper Triassic Olang coal deposits in northeastern Iran https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_56095.html 10.22059/jgeope.2015.56095 1 The Olang area is a part of Gheshlagh-Olang synclinal, which is a member of eastern Alborz coal basin and is situated at a distance of70 km northeast of Shahroud city. Coal-bearing strata of this region are part of the Shemshak group (Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic).Samples from the 9 coal seams of the Olang coal deposits were collected and ashed. The aim of this study is to determine theoccurrence and distribution of major and trace elements in the coal ashes of Upper Triassic Olang coal deposits in northeastern Iran.The concentration of the elements in the coal ashes of the Olang region is higher than the Clarke value and the average of World coalash. The coal ashes have been enriched in Zn, Mn, and P in comparison with the average of the World coal ash. The correlationcoefficient analysis on the major and trace elements in the ash yielded in four groups including: A (Rb, K, Cs, Si), B (Al), C (Tl, Ca,Nb, Ta, V) and D (Cr, Hf, Sn, Zr, Th, Zn, Ti, Ba, W, Mg, Na, P, Sr, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, U, Fe, Ca). The first two groups are stronglycorrelated with ash yield and mainly have an inorganic affinity. C and D groups are negatively or less strongly correlated with ashyield. The rare earth elements' abundances are negatively correlated with the ash yield and exhibit an organic affinity. Based oncorrelation, cluster analyses, and rare earth elements' distribution characteristics, two separate modes of occurrence can be consideredfor rare earth elements: 1) Accompanying phosphate minerals with organic origin (phosphorites) or phosphate organic materials, and 2)Accompanying the vitrinite maceral group. 0 این مطالعه به بررسی مدل رخداد و توزیع عناصر اصلی و فرعی نهشته‌های زغالسنگی منطقه اولنگ با سن تریاس بالایی واقع در شمال شرق ایران می‌پردازد. نمونه‌های زغال‌سنگی از 9 لایه زغال‌سنگی منطقه اولنگ جمع‌آوری و به خاکستر تبدیل شدند. غلظت عناصر در خاکستر زغالسنگ‌های منطقه اولنگ بیشتر از مقدار کلارک و همچنین بیشتر از میانگین خاکستر زغالسنگ‌های جهان می‌باشد. عناصر اصلی و فرعی لایه‌های زغال‌سنگی منطقه اولنگ بر اساس ضرایب همبستگی‌شان با بازده خاکستر در چهار گروه (Rb, K, Cs, Si)A ، (Al)B ، (Tl, Ca, Nb, Ta,V)C و (Cr, Hf, Sn, Zr, Th, Zn, Ti, Ba, W, Mg, Na, P, Sr, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, U, Fe, Ca)D جای می‌گیرند. دو گروه اول ضریب همبستگی قوی با درصد حاکستر نشان می دهند و عمدتا دارای قرابت غیر آلی می‌باشند.بر اساس آنالیز همبستگی، آنالیز خوشه‌ای و ویژگی‌های توزیع عناصر نادر خاکی دو شکل رخدادی مجزا برای این عناصر می‌توان در نظر گرفت: 1) همراهی این عناصر با کانی‌های فسفاته‌ای چون مونازیت یا مواد آلی فسفاته. 2) همراهی با گروه ماسرالی ویترینیت. 189 204 نادر تقی پور Nader Taghipour Assistant Prof. of Economic Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University Iran taghipour@du.ac.ir زهرا سلیمانی مارشک Zahra Soleimani Marshk MSC of Economic Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran Iran zahra.soleimani79@gmail.com Coal Geochemistry Iran Olang Birk, D., White, J.C., 1991. 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