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1 - A new approach to interpreting relationship between Rock-Eval S2 and TOC data for source rock evaluation based on regression analyses https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54069.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.001 1 To evaluate the relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval S2 (petroleum potential) of petroleum source rocks, atotal of 180 outcrop samples from the black organic matter–rich facies of Mesozoic strata from a locality of southwest of Iran wereinvestigated using Rock-Eval VI pyrolysis and Leco Carbon Analyzer. The linear regression is applied to determine the correlationbetween Leco TOC and Rock-Eval S1 and S2. The accuracy of the proposed model by this method has approximately 95% conformityaccording to the Rock-Eval S2 and Leco TOC data (TOC = 0.492 + 0.174 S2). Then, by using the P value method, it was determinedthat TOC is a function of S2 and S1 only causes the fluctuations. By means of sensitivity analysis of TOC with respect to S1 and S2, itwas shown that TOC has a linear relationship with S2 and does not have any noticeable correspondence to S1. The result of this studycan be used to evaluate petroleum potential (S2) of organic matter–rich facies by using TOC obtained by Leco Carbon Analyzer. Forthe studied samples from the organic matter-rich facies, organic carbon richness is a quality and quantity index of petroleum potential. 0 بمنظور بررسی ارتباط بین کل کربن آلی (TOC) و پارامتر S2 راک – اول (پتانسیل نفت زایی) سنگ منشاءهای نفت، تعداد 180 نمونه رخنمون از رخساره سیاه غنی از مواد آلی از لایه های مزوزوئیک در ناحیه جنوب غرب ایران با استفاده از دستگاه پیرولیز راک-اول IV و دستگاه آنالیز کربن Leco مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. از رگرسیون خطی جهت تعیین ارتباط TOC Leco با S1 و S2 راک – اول استفاده شد. دقت مدل ارائه شده توسط این روش حدود 95% تطابق را با توجه به داده های راک – اول S1 و S2 با TOC نشان می دهد (TOC = 0.492 + 0.174 S2) .سپس با استفاده از روش P (P-Value) مشخص گردید که TOC تابعی از S2 می باشد و S1 تنها باعث ایجاد نوساناتی می شود. آنالیز حساسیت TOC نسبت به S1 و S2 نشان داد که بین TOC و S2 یک رابطه خطی وجود دارد و این در حالی است که هیچ تطابقی بین TOC و S1 وجود ندارد. نتیجه این تحقیق می تواند برای ارزیابی پتانسیل نفت زایی (S2) سازندهای غنی از رخساره های آلی، تنها با استفاده از TOC بدست آمده از نتایج Leco مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. برای نمونه های مطالعه شده غنی از مواد آلی در جنوب غرب ایران، محتوای کربن آلی یک شاخص کیفیت و کمیت پتانسیل نفت زایی می باشد. 1 6 علی شکاری فرد Ali Shekarifard School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran shekarifard@gmail.com Leco TOC Organic Matter–Rich Facies P value Petroleum Potential index Rock-Eval VI pyrolysis Bernie B. Bernard, Heather Bernard, and James M. Brooks., 2010. Determination of total carbon, total##organic carbon and inorganic carbon in sediments. College Station, Texas 77845.##Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., & Marquis, F. 1985a. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications. Patrie I. Rev. Inst.##Fr. Pétrole, 40(5): 563-579.##Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., & Marquis, F. 1985b. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications. Patrie II. Rev. Inst.##Fr. Pétrole, 40(6): 755-784.##Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., & Marquis, F. 1986. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications. Patrie III. Rev. Inst.##Fr. Pétrole, 41(1): 73-89.##Hunt, John M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd edition W.H. Freeman and Company. 743##Katz, B.J., 1983. Limitations of ‘Rock–Eval’ pyrolysis for typing organic matter. Org. Geochem. 4: 195–199.##Langford, F.F., Blanc-Valleron, M.M., 1990. Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysis data using of pyrolizable##hydrocarbons vs. total organic carbon. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. AAPG Bull. 74##(6): 799–804.##Yalçın Erik, N., Özçelik O., Altunsoy, M., 2006. Interpreting Rock–Eval pyrolysis data using graphs of S2 vs.##TOC: Middle Triassic–Lower Jurassic units, eastern part of SE Turkey. Journal of Petroleum Science and##Engineering. 53: 34–46.##

1 یک رهیافت سیستماتیک برای تخمین خواص سنگ مخزن با استفاده از بهینه سازی کلونی مورچه ای A systematic approach for estimation of reservoir rock properties using Ant Colony Optimization https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54070.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.002 1 Optimization of reservoir parameters is an important issue in petroleum exploration and production. The Ant Colony Optimization(ACO) is a recent approach to solve discrete and continuous optimization problems. In this paper, the Ant Colony Optimization is usedas an intelligent tool to estimate reservoir rock properties. The methodology is illustrated by using a case study on shear wave velocityestimation from petrophysical data by the linear and nonlinear ACO models. The results of this research show that the ACO is a fast,robust and cost-effective method for rock properties estimation. It is proposed that ant colony optimization aids in future reservoircharacterization studies. 0 بهینه سازی پارامترهای مخزن یک موضوع مهم در اکتشاف و تولید نفت است. بهینه سازی کلونی مورچه ای یک رهیافت جدید برای حل مسائل بهینه سازی گسسته و پیوسته است. در این مطالعه بهینه سازی کلونی مورچه ای به عنوان یک ابزار هوشمند برای تخمین خواص سنگهای مخزن استفاده شده است. روش ارائه شده با استفاده از یک مطالعه موردی بر روی تخمین سرعت موج برشی از داده های پتروفیزیکی با استفاده از مدلهای خطی و غیر خطی تشریح شده است. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می دهند که بهینه سازی کلونی مورچه ای یک روش سریع، قدرتمند و اقتصادی برای تخمین خواص سنگ است. انتظار می رود که بهینه سازی کلونی مورچه ای بتواند در مطالعات سرشت نمایی آتی مخزن کمک کند. 7 17 علی کدخدائی Ali Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Iran Iran kadkhodaie_ali@tabrizu.ac.ir Ant colony Optimization Petrophysical Data Rock Properties Shear wave velocity Blum, C., 2005. Ant colony optimization: Introduction and recent trends. Physics of Life Reviews 2, 353-373.##Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., Colorni, A., 1996. Ant System: Optimization by a colony of cooperating a gents. IEEE Trans.##Syst. Man. Cybernet. Part B, 26(1): 29-41.##Dorigo, M., Stützle, T., 2004. Ant Colony optimization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 305p.##Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., Stutzle,T., 2006. Ant Colony Optimization: Artificial Ants as a Computational Intelligence##Technique. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 11: 28-39.##Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Rezaee, M.R., 2009. A Committee Machine with Intelligent Systems for##Estimation of Total Organic Carbon Content from Petrophysical Data: An Example from the Kangan and Dalan##Reservoirs in South Pars Gas Field, Iran. Computers & Geosciences, 35: 459-474.##Kamali, M.R., Mirshady, A.A., 2004. Total organic carbon content determined from well logs using Δ log R and neurofuzzy##techniques. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,45: 141–148.##Mohaghegh, S., 2000. Applications of virtual intelligence to petroleum engineering. Computers and Geosciences 26, 867p.##Nikravesh, M., Aminzadeh, F., 2003. Soft computing and intelligent data analysis in oil exploration. Part1: Introduction:##Fundamentals of Soft Computing. Elsevier, Berkeley, USA. 744 pp.##Razavi., SF., Jalali-Farahani, F., 2010. Optimization and parameters estimation in petroleum engineering problems using##ant colony algorithm. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 74: 147-153.##Rezaee, M.R, Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A. Barabadi, A., 2007. Prediction of shear wave velocity from petrophysical data using##intelligent systems, a sandstone reservoir of Carnarvon Basin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 55: 201-##Zerafat, M.M., Ayatollahi, S., Roosta, A.A., 2009. Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Approach for Gas-lift Allocation##Optimization. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 52 (3): 102-107.##

1 داینوسیستهای تریاس فوقانی (رتین) در بلوک طبس، شرق ایران مرکزی Dinoflagellate cysts from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) strata of the Tabas Block, East - Central Iran https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54071.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.003 1 Rhaetian strata from the Nayband Formation of the Tabas block, East- Central Iran, were studied palynologically. The materialexamined contained moderately diverse and well-preserved dinoflagellate cyst assemblages which lead to the identification ofRhaetogonyaulax rhaetica Zone. The assigned age of this dinozone (Rhaetian) is justified by plant fossils such as Equisetitesarenaceus, Scytophyllum persicum, Pterophyllum bavieri, Pterophyllum aequale and Nilssoniopteris musafolia recorded from thesestrata. The dinoflagellate cysts show close similarities with assemblages reported from Australia, Northwest Europe, Arctic Canadaand Northern Iran. Furthermore, the associated marine palynomorphs (dinoflagellate cysts), accompanied by spores grain indicate anearshore depositional environment for the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) deposits in Tabas Block of Iran. 0 رسوبات به سن رتین مربوط به سازند نایبند در بلوک طبس، شرق ایران مرکزی مورد مطالعه پالینولوژی قرار گرفت. در بررسی نمونه ها، مشخص شد که داینوسیستها در این نمونه ها از تنوع و حفظ شدگی خوبی برخوردارند که منجر به شناسایی بایوزون Rhaetogonyaulax rhaetica در این رسوبات شد. سن بدست آمده برمبنای این بایوزون(رتین) در تطابق کامل با سن بدست آمده براساس فسیل های گیاهی نظیر Equisetites arenaceus, Scytophyllum persicum, Pterophyllum bavieri, Pterophyllum aequale و Nilssoniopteris musafolia می باشد که در این رسوبات گزارش شده اند. اجتماع داینوفلاژله های شناسایی شده شباهت زیادی با اجتماع داینوفلاژله های گزارش شده از استرالیا، شمال غرب اروپا، آرکتیک کانادا و شمال ایران دارند. همچنین همراهی پالینومورفهای خشکی(گرده و هاگ) با پالینومورفهای دریایی(داینوفلاژله) نشانگر محیط رسوبی نزدیک ساحل در رسوبات تریاس فوقانی بلوک طبس می باشد. 19 26 حسین صباغیان Hossein Sabbaghiyan Exploration Directorate of National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran Iran h.sabbaghiyan@gmail.com ابراهیم قاسمی نژاد Ebrahim Ghasemi - Nejad Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran eghasemi@khayam.ut.ac.ir محمد رضا آریانسب Mohammadreza Aria-Nasab Exploration Directorate of National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran Iran mohammadrtk@gmail.com Late Triassic Dinoflagellate cysts Palaeobiogeography Tabas block Iran Achilles, H., Kaiser, H., Schweitzer, H.J., 1984. Die Rato-Jurassischen Floren des Iran und Afganistan. 7. Die Mikroflora##der Obertriadisch-Jurassischen Ablagerungen des Alborz Gebirges (Nord-Iran). Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 194:##Arjang, B., 1975. Die Rato-Jurassischen Floren des Iran und Afganistan. 1. Die Mikroflora der Rato-Jurassischen##Ablagerungen des Kermaner Beckens (Zentral Iran). Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 152: 85-148.##Bragin, N., Jahanbakhsh, F., Golubev, S.A., Badovnikov, G., 1976. Stratigraphy of the Triassic- Jurassic coal-bearing##deposits of Alborz. Unpublished technical report, National Iranian Steel corporation. pp. 1-51.##Bragin, Yu.N., Golubev, S.A., Polianski, B.V., 1981. Paleogeography of major accumulation stages of Lower Mesozoic##coal deposit in Iran. Litology and Mineral Resources. 16: 50-59.##Bronnimann, P., Zaninetii, L., Bozorgna, F., Dashti, G.R., Moshtaghian, A., 1971. Lithostratigraphy and foraminifera of##the Upper Triassic Nayband Formation, lran. Revue de Micropaleontology. 14: 7-16.##Bucefalo Palliani, R., Buratti, N., 2006. High diversity dinoflagellate cyst assemblages from the Late Triassic of southern##England: new information on early dinoflagellate evolution and palaeogeography. Lethaia. 39: 305-312##Bujak, J.P., Fisher, M.J., 1976. Dinoflagellate cysts from the upper Triassic of Arctic Canada. Micropaleontology 22 (1):##Cirilli, S., Buratti, N., Senowbari-Daryan, B., Fürsich, F., 2005. Stratigraphy and palynology of the Upper Triassic##Nayband Formation of East-Central Iran, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigraphia. 111: 259-270.##Douglas, J.A., 1929. A marine Triassic fauna from eastern Persia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London##85, 625-650.##Fürsich, F., Hautmann, M., Senowbari-Daryan, B., Seyed-Emami, K., 2005. TheUpper Triassic Nayband and Darkuh##formations of East-Central Iran: Stratigraphy, Facies patterns and biota of extensional basins on accreted terrane.##Beringeria. 35: 53-133.##Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Agha-Nabati, A., Dabiri, O., 2004. Late Triassic dinoflagellate cysts from the base of the Shemshak ##Group in north of Alborz Mountains, Iran. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 132: 207-217.##Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Sabbaghiyan, H., Mosaddegh, H., 2012. Palaeobiogeographic implications of late Bajocian–late##Callovian (Middle Jurassic) dinoflagellate cysts from the Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, Journal of Asian##Earth Sciences. 43: 1-10.##Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R., 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science. 235: 1156 -##Helby, R., Morgan, R., Partridge, A.D., 1987. A palynological zonation of the Australian Mesozoic. Memoir of the##Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. 4: 1-94.##Jalali-Fard, M., Bani-Asadi, M.R., Nazemi, M., 2011. Biostratigraphy of the Nayband formation in Parvadeh area based##plant fossil. 15th symposium of geological society of Iran.Tarbiat Moalem University, Tehran, 303 p. (in Persian).##Kluyver, H.M., Tired, R., Chance, P.N., Johns, G.W., Meixncr, H. M., 1983a. Explanatory text of the Naybandan##Quadrangle Map 1: 250,000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Quadrangle, 8: 1-143.##Kluyver, H.M., Tired, R., Chance, P.N., Johns, G.W., Meixncr, H. M., 1983b. Explanatory text of the Naybandan##Quadrangle Map 1 : 250,000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Quadrangle. 9: 1-175.##Mannani, M., Yazdi, M, 2009. Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous sedimentary sequences of the northern Isfahan##Province (Central Iran): stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana. 61: 367-374.##Nicoll, R.S., Foster, C.B., 1994. Late Triassic conodont and palynomorph biostratigraphy and conodont thermal##maturation, North West Shelf Australia. Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics. 15: 101-118.##Nützel, A., Senowbari-Daryan, B., 1999. Gastropods from the Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) Nayband Formation of##Central Iran, Beringeria, 23: 93-132.##Poulsen, N.E., Riding, J.B., 2003. The Jurassic dinoflagellate cyst zonation of subboreal Northwest Europe. Geological##Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. 1: 115–144.##Powell, A.J., 1992. Dinoflagellate cysts of the Triassic system. In: Powell, A.J. (Ed.), A stratigraphic index of##dinoflagellate cysts, Chapman & Hall, London. pp. 1-6.##Senowbari- Daryan, B., 1996. Upper Triassic reefs and reef communities of Iran.In: Reitner, J., Neuweiler, F., Gunkel, F.##(Eds.), Global and Regional Controls on Biogenic Sedimentation. Gottinger Arbeiten Geologie und Paläontologie Sb2.##Seyed-Emami, K., 2003. Triassic in Iran. Facies. 48: 91–106.##Stöcklin, J., 1961. Lagunäre Formationen und Salzdome in Ostiran. Eclogae Geological Helvetiae 54: 1-27.##Takin, M., 1972. Iranian geology and continental drift in the Middle East. Nature. 235: 147–150.##Traverse, A., 2007. Paleopalynology, Second edition. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 813 p.##Vaez-Javadi, F., 2012. Biostratigraphy of the Nayband Formation in Parvadeh mine based plant fossil. Journal of##sedimentology and stratigraphy researchs. 1: 113-143 (in Persian).##Wilmsen, M., Fürsich, F.T., Seyed-Emami, K., Majidifard, M.R., 2009. An overview of the stratigraphy and facies##development of the Jurassic System on the Tabas Block, east-central Iran. Geological Society London. Special##Publication. 312: 323–343.##Woollam, R., Riding, J.B., 1983. Dinoflagellate cyst zonation of the English Jurassic. Institute of Geological Sciences##Report. 83(2): 42 p.##

1 زیست چینه نگاری سازند بازه حوض در برش نمونه، جنوب غرب مشهد بر اساس ماکروفسیل های گیاهی Biostratigraphy of the Bazehowz Formation at its Type section, South West Mashhad based on plant macrofossils https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54072.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.004 1 Jurassic deposits are well exposed in the Bazehowz area, South west of Mashhad city, East Alborz, Iran. It contains plant macrofossilsbelonging to eighteen species of eleven genera of various orders such as Equisetales, Filicales, Bennettitales, Cycadales,Corystospermales, Caytoniales, Ginkgoales and Pinales. Two biozones were recognized in the type section of Bazehowz Formation.Biozone I is an assemblage biozone with its lower and upper boundaries identified by first observed occurrence (FOO) and the lastobserved occurrence (LOO) of Nilssonia rigida, Nilsssonia sp. cf. N. bozorga and Nilssonia feriziensis. Since there are species fromLiassic such as Nilssonia rigida and uppermost Liassic such as Nilssonia feriziensis and Nilssonia sp. cf. N. bozorga, a Toarcian ageis suggested for this biozone. Biozone II is an interval zone with its lower and upper boundaries identified by FOO of Klukia exilis andPtilophyllum vasekgahenses and Coniopteris hymenophylloides and Ctenozamites cycadea, respectively. According to occurrence ofKlukia exilis, a lowermost Middle Jurassic age is suggested for the lower boundary and based on the occurrence of Coniopterishymenophylloides Aalenian age is considered for upper boundary of Biozone II. On the basis of relative abundance of Filicales(%16.6), Bennettitales (%27.7) and Cycadales it is considered a humid sub-tropical climate for this period of time. 0 نهشته های ژوراسیک در منطقه بازه حوض واقع در جنوب غربی شهر مشهد، البرز شرقی بخوبی رخنمون دارد. این سازند دربردارنده 18 گونه ماکروفسیل های گیاهی متعلق به 11 جنس از راسته های اکویی ستال ها، فیلیکال ها، بنتیتال ها، سیکادال ها، کوریستوسپرمال ها، کی تونیال ها، گینکگوآل ها و پاینال ها است که برای اولین بار معرفی می شوند. دو زیست زون در برش نمونه سازند بازه حوض شناسایی گردید. زیست زون I یک افق تجمعی است. مرزهای زیرین و بالایی این زیست زون بر اساس اولین و آخرین حضور (FOO, LOO) گونsه های Nilssonia rigida، Nilssonia sp. cf. N. bozorga و Nilssonia feriziensis تعیین می گردد. با توجه به حضورگونه هایی با سن لیاس از جمله Nilssonia rigida وگونه هایی متعلق به بالایی ترین بخش لیاس نظیر Nilssonia feriziensis و Nilssonia sp. cf. N. bozorga، سن توآرسین برای این زیست زون خاطرنشان می شود. زیست زون II یک افق فاصله ای (اینتروال) می باشد. مرز زیرین آن با اولین حضور (FOO) گونه های Klukia exilis و Ptilophyllum vasekgahense و مرز بالایی آن با اولین حضور گونه های Coniopteris hymenophylloides و Ctenozamites cycadea تعیین می گردد. بر اساس حضور گونه Klukia exilis سن آغازی ترین بخش ژوراسیک میانی برای مرز پایینی و بر اساس حضور گونه Coniopteris hymenophylloides سن آالنین برای مرز بالایی زیست زون II خاطرنشان می شود. بر مبنای فراوانی نسبی فیلیکال ها (6/16%)، بنتیتال ها (7/27%) و سیکادال ها (7/27%)، آب و هوای مرطوب و نیمه گرمسیری برای این بازه زمانی در این منطقه خاطر پیشنهاد می گردد. 27 44 فاطمه واعظی جوادی Fatemeh Vaez-Javadi Department of Geology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R.Iran Iran vaezjavadi@ut.ac.ir محسن علامه Mohsen Allameh Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, I.R. 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1 بررسی حساسیت ساختاری نهشته های شهر کرمان Assessment of structural sensitivity of Kerman City deposits https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54074.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.005 1 This research was performed to determine the efficiency effect of sedimentary environment of Kerman City area on soil structure bycomparing natural and reconstituted consolidation curves. In this regard, four different criteria such as sensitivity strength, stresssensitivity, Schmertman criteria and the result of the uniaxial compression test were used. The base of these criteria is to compare theresults of natural and undisturbed soil consolidation tests. The position of undrained shear strength of Kerman City soils in Iv-Su spacewas located on the left side of the intrinsic strength line and this confirms that the stress sensitivity of soils is less than the unit.Therefore, the soils in the city subzone are mostly over consolidated, and cementation and chemical bonds have not developed. Theswelling sensitivity of fine grained soils based on Schmertman criteria are often less than 2 or slightly larger than 2.5 indicating that thesoils of Kerman City subzones have underdeveloped swelling sensitivity due to poor cementation. 0 - 45 54 محمدرضا امینی زاده Mohammad Reza Aminizadeh Bazanjani Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran aminizadeh@stu.ac.ir ایمان آقاملایی Iman Aghamolaie Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran imaneng189@gmail.com غلامرضا لشکری پور Golamreza Lashkaripour Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran lashkaripour@um.ac.ir محمد غفوری Mohammad Ghafoori Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran ghafoori@um.ac.ir Intrinsic Compression line sedimentary environment Strength Sensitivity Stress Sensitivity Amirsoleymani, T., 1994. Deposition and behavior of partially saturated silt.Proc. of 1st International Symposium on##Engineering Characteristics of Arid Soils, London, pp. 207-214.##Amirsoleymani, T., 1995. Influence of deposition on deformation of Unsaturated Soils. .Proc. of the first International##Conference on unsaturated soils, 2: 687-694.##Asghari, A., 2002. Effects of cementation on the shear strength and deformability Tehran coarse grain soils. PhD thesis,##Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, 252pp.##Barański, M., 2008. Engineering-geological properties of normally consolidated tills from Płock area. Geologija Vilnius.##50: 40-48.##Boruvka, L., Valla, M., Donatova, H., Nemecek, K., 2002. Vulnerability of soil aggregates in relation to soil properties,##Rostlinna Vyroba, 48: 328-329.##Bujang, B.K., Huat, S.M., Thamer, A.M., 2005. Effect of chemical admixtures on the engineering properties of tropical##peat soils. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2: 1113-1120.##Burland, J. B., 1990. On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays Geotechnique, 40: 329-378.##Chandler, R.J., 2000. Clay sediments in depositional basins: the Geotechnical cycle, Quaterly Journal of Engineering##Geology and Hydrology, 33: 7-39.##Cotecchia, F., Chandler, R.J. 1997. The influence of structure on the prefailure behaviour of a natural clay Géotechnique,##47: 523-544.##Cotecchia, F., Chandler, R.J., 2000. A general framework for the mechanical behaviour of clay Géotechnique, 50: 431-##Gens, A., Nova, R., 1993. Conceptual bases for a constitutive model for bonded soils and weak rocks, Proc. Int. Symp. on##Geotech. Engere. of Hard Soils-Soft Rock, the Netherlands, and Balkema, Rotterdam.1: 485-494.##Heidari, M., 2001. The relationship between mechanical properties and structure offine-grained soils of southern Tehran,##PhD thesis, Engineering Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, 310pp.##Nihan, S.I., 2009.Estimation of swell index of fine grained soils using regression equations and artificial neural networks,##Scientific Research and Essay. 4: 1047-1056.##Pfleiderer, S., Hofmann, T., Auer, J., 2005. Geological interpretation of geotechnical properties of sediments in Vienna##basin, Geophysical Reserch Abstracts.##Qajar, M.H., Nazemzadeh, M., Azizan, H., Rowshanravan, J., 1996. The history of Kerman Basin during the Neogene and##Quaternary, GSI, Regional Center for S.E. Iran (Kerman), 74 pp.##Schmertmann, J.H., 1969. Swell sensitivity, Geotechnique. 19: 530-533.##Selley, R. C., 1996. Ancient sedimentary environments and their sub-surface diagnosis, 4th ed.##Skempton, A.W., 1970. The consolidation of clays by gravitational compaction. Q. J. Geological Soc. 125: 373-411.##Viton, C., Cotecchia, F., 2010. On the geotechnical characterization of a stiff medium fissured clay from Italy, 21st Alert##Geomaterials Workshop, Aussois, 4-6 October, Technical University of Bari, Italy.##

1 تأثیر درصد آب و ماسه بر چسبناکی خاک‌های رس Influence of water and sand content on adhesion of clayey soils https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54075.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.006 1 Clogging occurs during mechanical tunneling with a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) because of adhesion of clayey soils to the cutterhead and conveyor system. The present study examined the effects of water and sand contents on clogging in Montmorillonite clayeysoil. Testing was carried out using an adhesion test device on 28 samples with different water and sand contents to determine adhesionstress and degree of clogging. The results indicate that the consistency index (Ic) of the samples decreases as the sand and watercontent increases. The results for variation of adhesion stress versus water content at different sand contents formed similar bellshapedcurves. In all graphs, an increase in sand content decreased adhesion stress. Adhesion stress increased until the water contentincreased to 138%, at which point it began to decrease. The results show that adhesion of the soil to the surface of the metal piston didnot occur in samples having a sand content of >40% and in samples with >133% water content having a sand content of <40%, Ic>0.5adhesion occurred. 0 انسداد (Clogging) در حفاری مکانیزه با ماشین حفاری (TBM) به‌دلیل چسبیدن خاک رس به پیشانی برشی و ابزار تخلیة دستگاه رخ می‌دهد. تحقیق حاضر به بررسی تأثیر تغییر رطوبت و مقدار ماسه بر میزان انسداد در خاک رس مونتموریلونیت پرداخته است. آزمایش‌ها با دستگاه آزمایش چسبناکی (Adhesion test device) روی 28 نمونه با درصدهای مختلف ماسه و آب انجام شده و میزان تنش چسبناکی (Adhesion stress) و درجة انسداد (Degree of clogging) تعیین شده است. نتایج آزمایش‌ها نشان می‌دهد با افزایش درصد رطوبت و مقدار ماسه، شاخص استحکام (Consistency index) کاهش یافته است. منحنی تغییرات تنش چسبناکی در مقابل درصد رطوبت به‌ازای درصدهای مختلف ماسة زنگوله‌ای‌شکل است. در همة نمونه‌ها با افزایش درصد ماسه تنش چسبناکی کاهش یافت. با افزایش درصد رطوبت تا 138 درصد، تنش چسبناکی افزایش و بعد از آن کاهش یافت. نتایج نشان می‌دهد در نمونه‌هایی دارای درصد ماسة بیش از 40 درصد، رس به سطح فلز نمی‌چسبد و در نمونه‌های دارای درصد رطوبت بیش از 133 درصد و درصد ماسة کمتر از 40 درصد با شاخص استحکام بیش از 5/0  رس به سطح فلز چسبیده است.  55 62 یونس کرمی Younes Karami Aznadaryani Department of Structural and Engineering Geology, School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran Iran youneskarami@ut.ac.ir Akbar Cheshomi Akbar Cheshomi Department of Structural and Engineering Geology, School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran Iran a.cheshomi@ut.ac.ir امیر خبازی Amir Khabbazi Basmenj Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Iran amir.khabbazi@gmail.com محمد غفوری Mohammad Ghafoori Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Iran ghafoori@um.ac.ir adhesion Clayey Soil Clogging TBM tunnel boring machine Atkinson, J.H., Fookes, P.G., Miglio, B.F., 2003. Destructuring and disaggregation of Mercia Mudstone during full-face##tunneling. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 36: 293-303.##Duncan, J.M., 2000. Factors of Safety and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineering. Journal of Geotechnical and##Geoenvironmental Engineering; 126(4): 307-316.##Fernández-Steeger, T. M., Post, C., Feinendegen, M., Bäppler, K., Zwick, O., Azzam, R., Ziegler, M., Stanjek, H.,##Peschard, A., Pralle, N., 2008. Interfacial processes between mineral and tool surfaces – causes, problems and solution in##mechanical tunnel driving.Geotechnologien Science Report, 12: 46-57.##Geodata, S .P .A., 1995. Review of alternative construction methods and feasibility of proposed methods for constructing##Attiko Metro Extension of Line 3 to Egaleo: Attiko Metro S. A., 191–193.##Gill, D.E., Corthesy, R., Leite, M.H., 2005.Determining the minimal number of specimens for laboratory testing of rock##properties.Engineering Geology; 78: 29–51.##Kooistra, A., 1998. Verkleving van klei in tunnel boor machines.Memoirs of the Centre of Engineering Geology in the##Netherlands, 165, Delft.##Sass, I., Barbaum, U., 2009.A method for assessing adhesion of clays to tunneling machines. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ.68:##Thewes, M., 1999. Adha¨sion von onbo¨denbeimTunnel vortriebmit Flu¨ ssigkeitsschiden. Berichteaus Grundbau und##Bodenmechanik der BergischenUniversita¨tGesamthochschule Wuppertal, Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen, Band 21,##Wuppertal 1999, Shaker Verlag Aachen.##Thewes, M., Burger, W., 2004. Clogging risks for TBM drives in clay, Tunnels & Tunnelling International. 28–31.##Thewes, M., Burger, W., 2005. Clogging of TBM drives in clay- identification and mitigation of risks, Underground space##use: Analysis of the past and lessons for the future, 1-2.##

1 پیش بینی اقت سطح آب و ارزیابی فرونشست زمین در آبخوان دامغان با ترکیب مدلهای جی ام اس و جی ای پی Predicting water level drawdown and assessment of land subsidence in Damghan aquifer by combining GMS and GEP models https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54076.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.007 1 It is over two decades that groundwater flow models are routinely implemented for better management of groundwater resources.Modeling groundwater flow with the help of the ground water modeling system (GMS) in the Damghan plain aquifer in northern Iran,which experiences declining levels and numerous environmental hazards, has demonstrated that, (a) in the worst case scenario theaquifer will face 320 cm of drawdown by year 2019 and (b) land subsidence is observed mainly in areas that are subjected to anaccelerated water level drawdown rate, such as, the southern part of the aquifer. Four different rainfall scenarios that have beenmodeled demonstrate that some areas of the aquifer are slightly impacted by climatic change in contrast to some other areas that arebeing influenced substantially. Together with GMS, Genetic Expression Programming (GEP) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR)models were used to forecast land subsidence by applying developing functional relations to the long-term groundwater drawdowndata. This segment of the study shows that a 35.4 cm and 39.45 cm settlement will occur if the groundwater level drops by 295 cm and343 cm, respectively. This research shows that the water level in the Damghan aquifer continues to decline and the land subsidencewill intensify. It is, therefore, needed to reduce groundwater pumping in high-risk areas. 0 برای بهبود مدیریت منابع آب زیرزمینی بیش از دو دهه است که از مدل های جریان آب زیرزمینی استفاده می شود. مدلسازی جریان آب زیرزمینی با GMS در آبخوان دشت دامغان در شمال ایران که با افت سطح آب و مخاطرات زیست محیطی مختلفی روبروست نشان می‌دهد که الف) در بدترین شرایط، تا سال 2019 سطح آب این آبخوان 320 سانتیمتر پایین می‌‌آید و ب) نشست سطح زمین به مقدار قابل توجهی به علت افت سطح آب در منطقه بویژه در جنوب دشت رخ خواهد داد. چهار سناریوی مختلف با تغییرمیزان بارندگی مدلسازی شده نشان می دهد که بعضی از نواحی دشت با تغییرات اقلیم تغییر رفتاری اندکی ازخود نشان میدهند در حالی که سایر نواحی بطور عمده ای تحت تاثیر تغییر اقلیم قرار می گیرند. با بکار گیری مدل GMS بهمراه دو مدل "برنامه ریزی بیان ژن (GEP)" و "رگرسیون خطی چندگانه (MLR)" و استفاده از داده های طولانی مدت افت سطح آب زیرزمینی، یک رابطه بین نشست زمین و افت سطح آب بدست آمد. نتایج این بخش از تحقیق نشان داد که با افت سطح آب زیرزمینی بمیزان 295 سانتیمتر و 343 سانتیمتر، نشست زمین بترتیب بمیزان 35/4 و 39/45 سانتیمتر خواهد بود. این تحقیق نشان داد که در دشت دامغان سطح آب زیر زمینی بطور مداوم در حال پایین آمدن و مقدار نشست زمین در حال افزایش می باشد. لذا پمپاژ از چاههای در واقع در نواحی با ریسک بالا باید کاهش یابد. 63 80 سکینه پرهیزکار Sakineh Parhizkar Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran Iran s.parhizkar90@gmail.com خلیل اژدری Khalil Ajdari Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran Iran azhdary2005@yahoo.co.in غلام عباس کاظمی Gholam Abbas Kazemi Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran Iran g_a_kazemi@shahroodut.ac.ir صمد امام قلی زاده Samad Emamgholizadeh Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran Iran s_gholizadeh517@yahoo.com Ground Water Modeling Damghan Land Subsidence Overexploitation Water Level Drawdown Abbas Nejad, A., 1998. 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1 شواهد جنبشی رشد پورفیروبلاست کردیریت در هاله دگرگونی در طول دگرریختی پیوسته، گرانیتویید شاه کوه، شمال خاور بلوک Kinematic evidence for cordierite porphyroblast growth in a contact aureole during progressive deformation; Shah-Kuh granitoid, NE Lut Block, Iran https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54118.html 10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.009 1 The Shah-Kuh granitoid has intruded in the Triassic–Jurassic, pelitic and psammitic low-grade metamorphic rocks of the NE LutBlock, in Central Iran. Cordierite porphyroblasts are common in the southern pelitic sediments, but are rare in the northern psammiticrocks, in the contact aureole. Deformation fabrics in the contact aureole are well-preserved within the cordierite porphyroblasts. Therelation of the cordierite porphyroblasts and deformation fabrics indicate that the time of growth has started and is synchronous withthe first deformation phase and ends after the second deformation stage. The porphyroblasts are also generated in syn-intrusion ductileshear zones existing in the contact aureole and continue inside the Shah-Kuh granitoid. Shear zones in the contact aureole containdeformed cordierite porphyroblasts, with microstructures indicating clear shear sense. Structural analysis of various metamorphic rocksin the contact aureole of the Shah-kuh granitoid indicates a first stage, which is tight to the isoclinal folds, with well-developed axialplanefoliation, and a second stage of crenulation cleavage. Sequential growth of cordierite porphyroblasts preserved fabric fromvarious stages of a progressive deformation in the granite contact aureole. It is concluded that the Shah-Kuh granitoid has intrusionssynchronous with progressive deformation, cordierite porphyroblasts growth, and shear zone development in the contact aureole of thegranitoid. 0 گرانیتوئید شاه‌کوه در سنگ‌های پلیتی و پسامیتی با درجه دگرگونی کم و سن تریاس-ژوراسیک در شمال خاور بلوک لوت در ایران مرکزی نفوذ کرده است. پورفیروبلاست‌های کردیریت در مجموعه پلیتی جنوبی نسبت به سنگ‌های پسامیتی شمالی موجود در هاله دگرگونی بیشتر رشد کرده‌اند. فابریک دگرریختی در هاله دگرگونی در پورفیروبلاست‌های کردیریت بخوبی حفظ شده‌اند. رابطه پورفیروبلاست‌های کردیریت و فابریک دگرشکلی مشخص می‌کند که زمان رشد پورفیروبلاست همزمان با اولین مرحله دگرشکلی شروع شده و تا بعد از مرحله دوم دگرشکلی دوام یافت. همچنین پورفیروبلاست‌های کردیریت همزمان با فعال شدن پهنه‌های برشی شکل پذیردر هاله دگرگونی و امتداد یافته در درون گرانیتوئید در داخل پهنه‌های برشی رشد یافتند. پهنه‌های برشی دارای پورفیروبلاست‌های کردیریت هستند که با ریزساختارهای ثبت شده نوع برش راست‌بر را در پهنه‌های برشی امتدادلغزمشخص می‌کنند. بررسی ساختاری سنگ‌های گوناگون دگرگون در هاله گرانیتوئید شاه‌کوه وجود چین‌های بسته تا یال موازی را با برگوارگی سطح محوری خوب گسترش یافته و برگوارگی کنکره‌ای نسل دوم مشخص می‌کنند. رشد تدریجی پورفیروبلاست‌های کردیریت فابریک مراحل دگرشکلی در هاله دگرگونی را در خود حفظ کرده‌اند. نتیجه گیری می‌شود که گرانیتوئید شاه‌کوه همزمان با یک دگرشکلی پیشرونده، رشد پورفیروبلست‌های کردیریت و فعالیت پهنه‌های برشی در سنگ‌های هاله دگرگونی نفوذ کرده است. 81 91 محمد محجل Mohammad Mohajjel Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran mohajjel@modares.ac.ir عبدالعزیز عضدی Abdolaziz azodi Department of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran a.azodi@gmail.com داریوش اسماعیلی Dariush Esmaeili Department of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran esmaili@khayam.ut.ac.ir محمدولی ولی زاده Mohammadvali Valizadeh Department of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran geopersia@ut.ac.ir - - Shahryar Mahmoudi Kharazmi University Iran jgeope@ut.ac.ir Contact Aureole Cordierite Porphyroblast Deformation Iran Shah-Kuh Behrouzi, A., Khan-Nazer, N., 1984. 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