ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A new approach to interpreting relationship between Rock-Eval S2 and TOC data for source rock evaluation based on regression analyses
To evaluate the relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval S2 (petroleum potential) of petroleum source rocks, atotal of 180 outcrop samples from the black organic matter–rich facies of Mesozoic strata from a locality of southwest of Iran wereinvestigated using Rock-Eval VI pyrolysis and Leco Carbon Analyzer. The linear regression is applied to determine the correlationbetween Leco TOC and Rock-Eval S1 and S2. The accuracy of the proposed model by this method has approximately 95% conformityaccording to the Rock-Eval S2 and Leco TOC data (TOC = 0.492 + 0.174 S2). Then, by using the P value method, it was determinedthat TOC is a function of S2 and S1 only causes the fluctuations. By means of sensitivity analysis of TOC with respect to S1 and S2, itwas shown that TOC has a linear relationship with S2 and does not have any noticeable correspondence to S1. The result of this studycan be used to evaluate petroleum potential (S2) of organic matter–rich facies by using TOC obtained by Leco Carbon Analyzer. Forthe studied samples from the organic matter-rich facies, organic carbon richness is a quality and quantity index of petroleum potential.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54069_90adf05d92f8dc4209d8474c509bcbf5.pdf
2015-03-01
1
6
10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.001
Leco TOC
Organic Matter–Rich Facies
P value
Petroleum Potential index
Rock-Eval VI pyrolysis
Ali
Shekarifard
shekarifard@gmail.com
1
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bernie B. Bernard, Heather Bernard, and James M. Brooks., 2010. Determination of total carbon, total
1
organic carbon and inorganic carbon in sediments. College Station, Texas 77845.
2
Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., & Marquis, F. 1985a. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications. Patrie I. Rev. Inst.
3
Fr. Pétrole, 40(5): 563-579.
4
Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., & Marquis, F. 1985b. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications. Patrie II. Rev. Inst.
5
Fr. Pétrole, 40(6): 755-784.
6
Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., & Marquis, F. 1986. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications. Patrie III. Rev. Inst.
7
Fr. Pétrole, 41(1): 73-89.
8
Hunt, John M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd edition W.H. Freeman and Company. 743
9
Katz, B.J., 1983. Limitations of ‘Rock–Eval’ pyrolysis for typing organic matter. Org. Geochem. 4: 195–199.
10
Langford, F.F., Blanc-Valleron, M.M., 1990. Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysis data using of pyrolizable
11
hydrocarbons vs. total organic carbon. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. AAPG Bull. 74
12
(6): 799–804.
13
Yalçın Erik, N., Özçelik O., Altunsoy, M., 2006. Interpreting Rock–Eval pyrolysis data using graphs of S2 vs.
14
TOC: Middle Triassic–Lower Jurassic units, eastern part of SE Turkey. Journal of Petroleum Science and
15
Engineering. 53: 34–46.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A systematic approach for estimation of reservoir rock properties using Ant Colony Optimization
Optimization of reservoir parameters is an important issue in petroleum exploration and production. The Ant Colony Optimization(ACO) is a recent approach to solve discrete and continuous optimization problems. In this paper, the Ant Colony Optimization is usedas an intelligent tool to estimate reservoir rock properties. The methodology is illustrated by using a case study on shear wave velocityestimation from petrophysical data by the linear and nonlinear ACO models. The results of this research show that the ACO is a fast,robust and cost-effective method for rock properties estimation. It is proposed that ant colony optimization aids in future reservoircharacterization studies.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54070_e7bbe124bb27f8e497a5be7b2c270db2.pdf
2015-03-01
7
17
10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.002
Ant colony Optimization
Petrophysical Data
Rock Properties
Shear wave velocity
Ali
Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi
kadkhodaie_ali@tabrizu.ac.ir
1
Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Blum, C., 2005. Ant colony optimization: Introduction and recent trends. Physics of Life Reviews 2, 353-373.
1
Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., Colorni, A., 1996. Ant System: Optimization by a colony of cooperating a gents. IEEE Trans.
2
Syst. Man. Cybernet. Part B, 26(1): 29-41.
3
Dorigo, M., Stützle, T., 2004. Ant Colony optimization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 305p.
4
Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., Stutzle,T., 2006. Ant Colony Optimization: Artificial Ants as a Computational Intelligence
5
Technique. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 11: 28-39.
6
Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Rezaee, M.R., 2009. A Committee Machine with Intelligent Systems for
7
Estimation of Total Organic Carbon Content from Petrophysical Data: An Example from the Kangan and Dalan
8
Reservoirs in South Pars Gas Field, Iran. Computers & Geosciences, 35: 459-474.
9
Kamali, M.R., Mirshady, A.A., 2004. Total organic carbon content determined from well logs using Δ log R and neurofuzzy
10
techniques. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,45: 141–148.
11
Mohaghegh, S., 2000. Applications of virtual intelligence to petroleum engineering. Computers and Geosciences 26, 867p.
12
Nikravesh, M., Aminzadeh, F., 2003. Soft computing and intelligent data analysis in oil exploration. Part1: Introduction:
13
Fundamentals of Soft Computing. Elsevier, Berkeley, USA. 744 pp.
14
Razavi., SF., Jalali-Farahani, F., 2010. Optimization and parameters estimation in petroleum engineering problems using
15
ant colony algorithm. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 74: 147-153.
16
Rezaee, M.R, Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A. Barabadi, A., 2007. Prediction of shear wave velocity from petrophysical data using
17
intelligent systems, a sandstone reservoir of Carnarvon Basin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 55: 201-
18
Zerafat, M.M., Ayatollahi, S., Roosta, A.A., 2009. Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Approach for Gas-lift Allocation
19
Optimization. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 52 (3): 102-107.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dinoflagellate cysts from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) strata of the Tabas Block, East - Central Iran
Rhaetian strata from the Nayband Formation of the Tabas block, East- Central Iran, were studied palynologically. The materialexamined contained moderately diverse and well-preserved dinoflagellate cyst assemblages which lead to the identification ofRhaetogonyaulax rhaetica Zone. The assigned age of this dinozone (Rhaetian) is justified by plant fossils such as Equisetitesarenaceus, Scytophyllum persicum, Pterophyllum bavieri, Pterophyllum aequale and Nilssoniopteris musafolia recorded from thesestrata. The dinoflagellate cysts show close similarities with assemblages reported from Australia, Northwest Europe, Arctic Canadaand Northern Iran. Furthermore, the associated marine palynomorphs (dinoflagellate cysts), accompanied by spores grain indicate anearshore depositional environment for the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) deposits in Tabas Block of Iran.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54071_a3cbcf67aec2afa30eab12617c152ee5.pdf
2015-03-01
19
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10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.003
Late Triassic
Dinoflagellate cysts
Palaeobiogeography
Tabas block
Iran
Hossein
Sabbaghiyan
h.sabbaghiyan@gmail.com
1
Exploration Directorate of National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Ghasemi - Nejad
eghasemi@khayam.ut.ac.ir
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Aria-Nasab
mohammadrtk@gmail.com
3
Exploration Directorate of National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Achilles, H., Kaiser, H., Schweitzer, H.J., 1984. Die Rato-Jurassischen Floren des Iran und Afganistan. 7. Die Mikroflora
1
der Obertriadisch-Jurassischen Ablagerungen des Alborz Gebirges (Nord-Iran). Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 194:
2
Arjang, B., 1975. Die Rato-Jurassischen Floren des Iran und Afganistan. 1. Die Mikroflora der Rato-Jurassischen
3
Ablagerungen des Kermaner Beckens (Zentral Iran). Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 152: 85-148.
4
Bragin, N., Jahanbakhsh, F., Golubev, S.A., Badovnikov, G., 1976. Stratigraphy of the Triassic- Jurassic coal-bearing
5
deposits of Alborz. Unpublished technical report, National Iranian Steel corporation. pp. 1-51.
6
Bragin, Yu.N., Golubev, S.A., Polianski, B.V., 1981. Paleogeography of major accumulation stages of Lower Mesozoic
7
coal deposit in Iran. Litology and Mineral Resources. 16: 50-59.
8
Bronnimann, P., Zaninetii, L., Bozorgna, F., Dashti, G.R., Moshtaghian, A., 1971. Lithostratigraphy and foraminifera of
9
the Upper Triassic Nayband Formation, lran. Revue de Micropaleontology. 14: 7-16.
10
Bucefalo Palliani, R., Buratti, N., 2006. High diversity dinoflagellate cyst assemblages from the Late Triassic of southern
11
England: new information on early dinoflagellate evolution and palaeogeography. Lethaia. 39: 305-312
12
Bujak, J.P., Fisher, M.J., 1976. Dinoflagellate cysts from the upper Triassic of Arctic Canada. Micropaleontology 22 (1):
13
Cirilli, S., Buratti, N., Senowbari-Daryan, B., Fürsich, F., 2005. Stratigraphy and palynology of the Upper Triassic
14
Nayband Formation of East-Central Iran, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigraphia. 111: 259-270.
15
Douglas, J.A., 1929. A marine Triassic fauna from eastern Persia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London
16
85, 625-650.
17
Fürsich, F., Hautmann, M., Senowbari-Daryan, B., Seyed-Emami, K., 2005. TheUpper Triassic Nayband and Darkuh
18
formations of East-Central Iran: Stratigraphy, Facies patterns and biota of extensional basins on accreted terrane.
19
Beringeria. 35: 53-133.
20
Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Agha-Nabati, A., Dabiri, O., 2004. Late Triassic dinoflagellate cysts from the base of the Shemshak
21
Group in north of Alborz Mountains, Iran. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 132: 207-217.
22
Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Sabbaghiyan, H., Mosaddegh, H., 2012. Palaeobiogeographic implications of late Bajocian–late
23
Callovian (Middle Jurassic) dinoflagellate cysts from the Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, Journal of Asian
24
Earth Sciences. 43: 1-10.
25
Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R., 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science. 235: 1156 -
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Helby, R., Morgan, R., Partridge, A.D., 1987. A palynological zonation of the Australian Mesozoic. Memoir of the
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Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. 4: 1-94.
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Jalali-Fard, M., Bani-Asadi, M.R., Nazemi, M., 2011. Biostratigraphy of the Nayband formation in Parvadeh area based
29
plant fossil. 15th symposium of geological society of Iran.Tarbiat Moalem University, Tehran, 303 p. (in Persian).
30
Kluyver, H.M., Tired, R., Chance, P.N., Johns, G.W., Meixncr, H. M., 1983a. Explanatory text of the Naybandan
31
Quadrangle Map 1: 250,000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Quadrangle, 8: 1-143.
32
Kluyver, H.M., Tired, R., Chance, P.N., Johns, G.W., Meixncr, H. M., 1983b. Explanatory text of the Naybandan
33
Quadrangle Map 1 : 250,000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Quadrangle. 9: 1-175.
34
Mannani, M., Yazdi, M, 2009. Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous sedimentary sequences of the northern Isfahan
35
Province (Central Iran): stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana. 61: 367-374.
36
Nicoll, R.S., Foster, C.B., 1994. Late Triassic conodont and palynomorph biostratigraphy and conodont thermal
37
maturation, North West Shelf Australia. Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics. 15: 101-118.
38
Nützel, A., Senowbari-Daryan, B., 1999. Gastropods from the Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) Nayband Formation of
39
Central Iran, Beringeria, 23: 93-132.
40
Poulsen, N.E., Riding, J.B., 2003. The Jurassic dinoflagellate cyst zonation of subboreal Northwest Europe. Geological
41
Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. 1: 115–144.
42
Powell, A.J., 1992. Dinoflagellate cysts of the Triassic system. In: Powell, A.J. (Ed.), A stratigraphic index of
43
dinoflagellate cysts, Chapman & Hall, London. pp. 1-6.
44
Senowbari- Daryan, B., 1996. Upper Triassic reefs and reef communities of Iran.In: Reitner, J., Neuweiler, F., Gunkel, F.
45
(Eds.), Global and Regional Controls on Biogenic Sedimentation. Gottinger Arbeiten Geologie und Paläontologie Sb2.
46
Seyed-Emami, K., 2003. Triassic in Iran. Facies. 48: 91–106.
47
Stöcklin, J., 1961. Lagunäre Formationen und Salzdome in Ostiran. Eclogae Geological Helvetiae 54: 1-27.
48
Takin, M., 1972. Iranian geology and continental drift in the Middle East. Nature. 235: 147–150.
49
Traverse, A., 2007. Paleopalynology, Second edition. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 813 p.
50
Vaez-Javadi, F., 2012. Biostratigraphy of the Nayband Formation in Parvadeh mine based plant fossil. Journal of
51
sedimentology and stratigraphy researchs. 1: 113-143 (in Persian).
52
Wilmsen, M., Fürsich, F.T., Seyed-Emami, K., Majidifard, M.R., 2009. An overview of the stratigraphy and facies
53
development of the Jurassic System on the Tabas Block, east-central Iran. Geological Society London. Special
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Publication. 312: 323–343.
55
Woollam, R., Riding, J.B., 1983. Dinoflagellate cyst zonation of the English Jurassic. Institute of Geological Sciences
56
Report. 83(2): 42 p.
57
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biostratigraphy of the Bazehowz Formation at its Type section, South West Mashhad based on plant macrofossils
Jurassic deposits are well exposed in the Bazehowz area, South west of Mashhad city, East Alborz, Iran. It contains plant macrofossilsbelonging to eighteen species of eleven genera of various orders such as Equisetales, Filicales, Bennettitales, Cycadales,Corystospermales, Caytoniales, Ginkgoales and Pinales. Two biozones were recognized in the type section of Bazehowz Formation.Biozone I is an assemblage biozone with its lower and upper boundaries identified by first observed occurrence (FOO) and the lastobserved occurrence (LOO) of Nilssonia rigida, Nilsssonia sp. cf. N. bozorga and Nilssonia feriziensis. Since there are species fromLiassic such as Nilssonia rigida and uppermost Liassic such as Nilssonia feriziensis and Nilssonia sp. cf. N. bozorga, a Toarcian ageis suggested for this biozone. Biozone II is an interval zone with its lower and upper boundaries identified by FOO of Klukia exilis andPtilophyllum vasekgahenses and Coniopteris hymenophylloides and Ctenozamites cycadea, respectively. According to occurrence ofKlukia exilis, a lowermost Middle Jurassic age is suggested for the lower boundary and based on the occurrence of Coniopterishymenophylloides Aalenian age is considered for upper boundary of Biozone II. On the basis of relative abundance of Filicales(%16.6), Bennettitales (%27.7) and Cycadales it is considered a humid sub-tropical climate for this period of time.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54072_b66da46ac2ce41729b3da600eba848b9.pdf
2015-03-01
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10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.004
Alborz
Bazehowz Formation
Biostratigraphy
Jurassic Flora
Iran
Fatemeh
Vaez-Javadi
vaezjavadi@ut.ac.ir
1
Department of Geology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R.Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohsen
Allameh
allameh.1345@yahoo.com
2
Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
AUTHOR
Afshar Harb, A., Aghanabati, A, Madjidi, B., Alavi Tehrani, N., Shahrabi, M., Davodzadeh, M., Navai, I., 1986. Mashhad
1
map no. K-4. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
2
Alavi, M., Barale, G., 1970. Étude prèliminaire de la flore de la formation de Shemshak dans la region de Djam. Bulletin
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de la Société Linnean de Lyon, 39 (8): 241-252
4
Antevs, E., 1919. Die liassische Flora des Hörsandsteins. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 59 (8): 1-
5
Arber, E.A.N., 1917. The earlier Mesozoic floras of New Zealand. Palaeontological Bulletin of the New Zealand
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Geological Survey, 6: 1-80.
7
Assereto, R., 1966. The Jurassic Shemshak Formation in Central Elburz (Iran): Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e
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Stratigrafia. 72 (4): 1133-1182.
9
Barnard, P.D.W., Miller, J.C., 1976. Flora of the Shemshak Formation (Elburz, Iran), Part 3: Middle Jurassic (Dogger)
10
plants from Khatumbargah, Vasekgah and Imam Manak. Palaeontographica B, 155: 31-117.
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Benda, L., 1964. Die Jura-Flora aus der Saighan-Serie Nord-Afghanistans. Beihefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch, 70: 99-
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Berger, A.C., 1832. Die Versteinerungen der Fischer und Pflanzen im Sandsteine der Coburger Gegend. 30 pp., 4 pls.
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Braun, C.F.W., 1843. Beiträge zur Urgeschichte der Pflanzen. Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde, 6 (7): 1-46.
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Brick, M.I., 1937. La flore Mésozoique du Ferghana Méridional, II. Fougères (fin) Equisétinées. Transactions of the
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Geological Trust of the Central Asia, Tashkent, 3: 1-75. (In Russian with French summary)
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Brick, M.I., 1953. Mesozoic Flora of the East-Ferghana Coal Basin. Ferns. Trudy VSEGEI, Gosgeolisdat, 1-112. (In
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Brongniart, A., 1828-1838. Histoire des végétaux fossiles, ou recherches botaniques et géologiqes sur les végétaux
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renfermés dans les diverses couches du globe. v. 1- (1828-1837): XII + 488 pp; v. 2- (1837-1838): 72 pp. Paris
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London, 7: 179-194.
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paléogéographie. Geobios, 10: 509-571.
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& Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum Natural History, 95 pp.
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Group of northern Iran. Geological Society London, Special Publications, 312: 120-160.
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the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran: evidence of the break-up unconformity of the South Caspian Basin. Geological
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Leipzig & Prague, vii+ 71 pp.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of structural sensitivity of Kerman City deposits
This research was performed to determine the efficiency effect of sedimentary environment of Kerman City area on soil structure bycomparing natural and reconstituted consolidation curves. In this regard, four different criteria such as sensitivity strength, stresssensitivity, Schmertman criteria and the result of the uniaxial compression test were used. The base of these criteria is to compare theresults of natural and undisturbed soil consolidation tests. The position of undrained shear strength of Kerman City soils in Iv-Su spacewas located on the left side of the intrinsic strength line and this confirms that the stress sensitivity of soils is less than the unit.Therefore, the soils in the city subzone are mostly over consolidated, and cementation and chemical bonds have not developed. Theswelling sensitivity of fine grained soils based on Schmertman criteria are often less than 2 or slightly larger than 2.5 indicating that thesoils of Kerman City subzones have underdeveloped swelling sensitivity due to poor cementation.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54074_5e07b965be5bdb762688cd7f682cab54.pdf
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10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.005
Intrinsic Compression line
sedimentary environment
Strength Sensitivity
Stress Sensitivity
Mohammad Reza
Aminizadeh Bazanjani
aminizadeh@stu.ac.ir
1
Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Iman
Aghamolaie
imaneng189@gmail.com
2
Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Golamreza
Lashkaripour
lashkaripour@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Ghafoori
ghafoori@um.ac.ir
4
Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Amirsoleymani, T., 1994. Deposition and behavior of partially saturated silt.Proc. of 1st International Symposium on
1
Engineering Characteristics of Arid Soils, London, pp. 207-214.
2
Amirsoleymani, T., 1995. Influence of deposition on deformation of Unsaturated Soils. .Proc. of the first International
3
Conference on unsaturated soils, 2: 687-694.
4
Asghari, A., 2002. Effects of cementation on the shear strength and deformability Tehran coarse grain soils. PhD thesis,
5
Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, 252pp.
6
Barański, M., 2008. Engineering-geological properties of normally consolidated tills from Płock area. Geologija Vilnius.
7
50: 40-48.
8
Boruvka, L., Valla, M., Donatova, H., Nemecek, K., 2002. Vulnerability of soil aggregates in relation to soil properties,
9
Rostlinna Vyroba, 48: 328-329.
10
Bujang, B.K., Huat, S.M., Thamer, A.M., 2005. Effect of chemical admixtures on the engineering properties of tropical
11
peat soils. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2: 1113-1120.
12
Burland, J. B., 1990. On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays Geotechnique, 40: 329-378.
13
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Geology and Hydrology, 33: 7-39.
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Cotecchia, F., Chandler, R.J. 1997. The influence of structure on the prefailure behaviour of a natural clay Géotechnique,
16
47: 523-544.
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Geotech. Engere. of Hard Soils-Soft Rock, the Netherlands, and Balkema, Rotterdam.1: 485-494.
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Heidari, M., 2001. The relationship between mechanical properties and structure offine-grained soils of southern Tehran,
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PhD thesis, Engineering Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, 310pp.
22
Nihan, S.I., 2009.Estimation of swell index of fine grained soils using regression equations and artificial neural networks,
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Scientific Research and Essay. 4: 1047-1056.
24
Pfleiderer, S., Hofmann, T., Auer, J., 2005. Geological interpretation of geotechnical properties of sediments in Vienna
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basin, Geophysical Reserch Abstracts.
26
Qajar, M.H., Nazemzadeh, M., Azizan, H., Rowshanravan, J., 1996. The history of Kerman Basin during the Neogene and
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Quaternary, GSI, Regional Center for S.E. Iran (Kerman), 74 pp.
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Schmertmann, J.H., 1969. Swell sensitivity, Geotechnique. 19: 530-533.
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Selley, R. C., 1996. Ancient sedimentary environments and their sub-surface diagnosis, 4th ed.
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Skempton, A.W., 1970. The consolidation of clays by gravitational compaction. Q. J. Geological Soc. 125: 373-411.
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Geomaterials Workshop, Aussois, 4-6 October, Technical University of Bari, Italy.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Influence of water and sand content on adhesion of clayey soils
Clogging occurs during mechanical tunneling with a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) because of adhesion of clayey soils to the cutterhead and conveyor system. The present study examined the effects of water and sand contents on clogging in Montmorillonite clayeysoil. Testing was carried out using an adhesion test device on 28 samples with different water and sand contents to determine adhesionstress and degree of clogging. The results indicate that the consistency index (Ic) of the samples decreases as the sand and watercontent increases. The results for variation of adhesion stress versus water content at different sand contents formed similar bellshapedcurves. In all graphs, an increase in sand content decreased adhesion stress. Adhesion stress increased until the water contentincreased to 138%, at which point it began to decrease. The results show that adhesion of the soil to the surface of the metal piston didnot occur in samples having a sand content of >40% and in samples with >133% water content having a sand content of <40%, Ic>0.5adhesion occurred.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54075_7deddbf1e0eea23a639c9fe4789eeee9.pdf
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10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.006
adhesion
Clayey Soil
Clogging
TBM
tunnel boring machine
Younes
Karami Aznadaryani
youneskarami@ut.ac.ir
1
Department of Structural and Engineering Geology, School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Akbar
Cheshomi
a.cheshomi@ut.ac.ir
2
Department of Structural and Engineering Geology, School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amir
Khabbazi Basmenj
amir.khabbazi@gmail.com
3
Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Ghafoori
ghafoori@um.ac.ir
4
Department of Geology and Engineering Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Atkinson, J.H., Fookes, P.G., Miglio, B.F., 2003. Destructuring and disaggregation of Mercia Mudstone during full-face
1
tunneling. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 36: 293-303.
2
Duncan, J.M., 2000. Factors of Safety and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineering. Journal of Geotechnical and
3
Geoenvironmental Engineering; 126(4): 307-316.
4
Fernández-Steeger, T. M., Post, C., Feinendegen, M., Bäppler, K., Zwick, O., Azzam, R., Ziegler, M., Stanjek, H.,
5
Peschard, A., Pralle, N., 2008. Interfacial processes between mineral and tool surfaces – causes, problems and solution in
6
mechanical tunnel driving.Geotechnologien Science Report, 12: 46-57.
7
Geodata, S .P .A., 1995. Review of alternative construction methods and feasibility of proposed methods for constructing
8
Attiko Metro Extension of Line 3 to Egaleo: Attiko Metro S. A., 191–193.
9
Gill, D.E., Corthesy, R., Leite, M.H., 2005.Determining the minimal number of specimens for laboratory testing of rock
10
properties.Engineering Geology; 78: 29–51.
11
Kooistra, A., 1998. Verkleving van klei in tunnel boor machines.Memoirs of the Centre of Engineering Geology in the
12
Netherlands, 165, Delft.
13
Sass, I., Barbaum, U., 2009.A method for assessing adhesion of clays to tunneling machines. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ.68:
14
Thewes, M., 1999. Adha¨sion von onbo¨denbeimTunnel vortriebmit Flu¨ ssigkeitsschiden. Berichteaus Grundbau und
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Bodenmechanik der BergischenUniversita¨tGesamthochschule Wuppertal, Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen, Band 21,
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Wuppertal 1999, Shaker Verlag Aachen.
17
Thewes, M., Burger, W., 2004. Clogging risks for TBM drives in clay, Tunnels & Tunnelling International. 28–31.
18
Thewes, M., Burger, W., 2005. Clogging of TBM drives in clay- identification and mitigation of risks, Underground space
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use: Analysis of the past and lessons for the future, 1-2.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Predicting water level drawdown and assessment of land subsidence in Damghan aquifer by combining GMS and GEP models
It is over two decades that groundwater flow models are routinely implemented for better management of groundwater resources.Modeling groundwater flow with the help of the ground water modeling system (GMS) in the Damghan plain aquifer in northern Iran,which experiences declining levels and numerous environmental hazards, has demonstrated that, (a) in the worst case scenario theaquifer will face 320 cm of drawdown by year 2019 and (b) land subsidence is observed mainly in areas that are subjected to anaccelerated water level drawdown rate, such as, the southern part of the aquifer. Four different rainfall scenarios that have beenmodeled demonstrate that some areas of the aquifer are slightly impacted by climatic change in contrast to some other areas that arebeing influenced substantially. Together with GMS, Genetic Expression Programming (GEP) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR)models were used to forecast land subsidence by applying developing functional relations to the long-term groundwater drawdowndata. This segment of the study shows that a 35.4 cm and 39.45 cm settlement will occur if the groundwater level drops by 295 cm and343 cm, respectively. This research shows that the water level in the Damghan aquifer continues to decline and the land subsidencewill intensify. It is, therefore, needed to reduce groundwater pumping in high-risk areas.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54076_f3dcc779dfe8f73db14c9acbf252b62e.pdf
2015-03-01
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80
10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.007
Ground Water Modeling
Damghan
Land Subsidence
Overexploitation
Water Level Drawdown
Sakineh
Parhizkar
s.parhizkar90@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Khalil
Ajdari
azhdary2005@yahoo.co.in
2
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholam Abbas
Kazemi
g_a_kazemi@shahroodut.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Samad
Emamgholizadeh
s_gholizadeh517@yahoo.com
4
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas Nejad, A., 1998. Assessment of environmental geology issues in Rafsanjani plain. In: Proceed of Second
1
symposium of the Geological Society of Iran, Kerman pp 303–310.
2
Alkhamis, R., Kariminasab, S., Aryana, F., 2006. Investigating the effect of land subsidence due to groundwater
3
discharges on well casing damage. Water and Wastewater 60:77–88 (Persian with abstract in English).
4
Bedekar, V., Niswonger, RG Kipp, K., Panday, S., Tonkin, M., 2012. Approaches to the simulation of unconfined flow
5
and perched groundwater flow in MODFLOW. Ground Water 50:187–198.
6
Bredehoeft J, Hall P (1995) Ground-water models. Ground Water 33:530–531.
7
Cui, Y., Su, C., Shao, J., Wang, Y., Cao, X., 2014. Development and application of a regional land subsidence model for
8
the Plain of Tianjin. Journal of Earth Science, 25(3):550–562.
9
Deverel, SJ., Leighton, DA., 2010. Historic, recent and future subsidence, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California,
10
USA. San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science 8(2):1–23.
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Elango, L., Senthil Kumar, M., 2006. Modeling the effect of sub-surface barrier on groundwater flow regime. In: Poeter
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EP, Zheng C, Hill MC (eds.), MODFLOW and More 2006: Managing groundwater systems. 806–810.
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Emamgholizadeh, S., Moslemi, K., Karami, G., 2014 Predicting of the groundwater level of Bastam Plain (Iran) by
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Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Water Resour Manag 28.
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Fatemi Aghda, M., Nakhaei, SM., Baitollahi, M., Aliyari, AR., 2001. Study of cause of sinkhole development in Hamedan
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Fernando, MJ., Burau, RG., Arulanandam, K., 1977. A new approach to determination of cation exchange capacity. Soil
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Science American Journal, 41:818–820.
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Ferreira, C., 2001. Gene expression programming: a new adaptive algorithm for solving problems. Complex System
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13(2):87–129.
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Gerla, P.J., Matheney, R.K., 1996. Seasonal variability and simulation of groundwater flow in a prairie Wetland. Hydrol
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Processes 10:903–920.
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groundwater levels drawdown on the instability and deterioration of water well screens. Iran-Water Resources Research
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9:42–51 (Persian with abstract in English).
26
Gurwin. J., Lubczynski, M., 2005. Modeling of complex multi-aquifer systems for groundwater resources evaluation–
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Swidnica study case (Poland). Hydrogeol J, 13:627–639.
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programming. Water Resource Management, 25:691–704.
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groundwater pumpage in a layered aquifer system in the Upper Gulf Coastal Plain, USA. Hydrogeol J., 20:783–796.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Kinematic evidence for cordierite porphyroblast growth in a contact aureole during progressive deformation; Shah-Kuh granitoid, NE Lut Block, Iran
The Shah-Kuh granitoid has intruded in the Triassic–Jurassic, pelitic and psammitic low-grade metamorphic rocks of the NE LutBlock, in Central Iran. Cordierite porphyroblasts are common in the southern pelitic sediments, but are rare in the northern psammiticrocks, in the contact aureole. Deformation fabrics in the contact aureole are well-preserved within the cordierite porphyroblasts. Therelation of the cordierite porphyroblasts and deformation fabrics indicate that the time of growth has started and is synchronous withthe first deformation phase and ends after the second deformation stage. The porphyroblasts are also generated in syn-intrusion ductileshear zones existing in the contact aureole and continue inside the Shah-Kuh granitoid. Shear zones in the contact aureole containdeformed cordierite porphyroblasts, with microstructures indicating clear shear sense. Structural analysis of various metamorphic rocksin the contact aureole of the Shah-kuh granitoid indicates a first stage, which is tight to the isoclinal folds, with well-developed axialplanefoliation, and a second stage of crenulation cleavage. Sequential growth of cordierite porphyroblasts preserved fabric fromvarious stages of a progressive deformation in the granite contact aureole. It is concluded that the Shah-Kuh granitoid has intrusionssynchronous with progressive deformation, cordierite porphyroblasts growth, and shear zone development in the contact aureole of thegranitoid.
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54118_f5cccf167648fe72b3000287b5ad9934.pdf
2015-03-01
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10.7508/GEOP.2015.01.009
Contact Aureole
Cordierite Porphyroblast
Deformation
Iran
Shah-Kuh
Mohammad
Mohajjel
mohajjel@modares.ac.ir
1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdolaziz
azodi
a.azodi@gmail.com
2
Department of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Dariush
Esmaeili
esmaili@khayam.ut.ac.ir
3
Department of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadvali
Valizadeh
geopersia@ut.ac.ir
4
Department of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahryar
Mahmoudi
jgeope@ut.ac.ir
5
Kharazmi University
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Persian Abstract
https://geopersia.ut.ac.ir/article_54119_46b610ff0ba8be513a8893dc2e38ca1f.pdf
2015-03-01
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10.22059/jgeope.2015.54119